Hello,
What will we be expected to know for the final with regard to functional groups? Should we be able to identify them in a complex molecule? Or should we just be able to name and draw them?
Thanks.
Search found 52 matches
- Mon Mar 12, 2018 4:10 pm
- Forum: *Organic Reaction Mechanisms in General
- Topic: Functional Groups
- Replies: 7
- Views: 2006
- Mon Mar 12, 2018 4:06 pm
- Forum: Reaction Mechanisms, Reaction Profiles
- Topic: Ignoring Slow Reverse Reactions
- Replies: 1
- Views: 374
Re: Ignoring Slow Reverse Reactions
For this class, I think we create a rate law from pre-equilibrium states. I believe we create a rate law from near-initial conditions rather than equilibrium conditions. If we have to account for a reverse reaction, I think it will be stated.
- Mon Mar 12, 2018 4:04 pm
- Forum: Reaction Mechanisms, Reaction Profiles
- Topic: Elementary Steps of a Reaction
- Replies: 1
- Views: 279
Re: Elementary Steps of a Reaction
Yes, you cannot tell which step is the slow step unless it is given or unless you are given the experimentally determined rate law. If you are only given the rate law, just match the rate law to whatever step it corresponds with. That step is the slow step.
- Wed Mar 07, 2018 8:52 pm
- Forum: General Rate Laws
- Topic: Units
- Replies: 11
- Views: 1407
Re: Units
Rate laws involve concentrations, so you will need to use moles per liter or mmols per liter. However, some rates use seconds, some use minutes, some use hours. You just have to be consistent while solving an equation in terms of what units you use.
- Wed Mar 07, 2018 8:50 pm
- Forum: Method of Initial Rates (To Determine n and k)
- Topic: unit of concentration [ENDORSED]
- Replies: 4
- Views: 711
Re: unit of concentration [ENDORSED]
I think it depends on the question. If its asking for units of K you could probably use mmol. Same with if its asking which order reaction it is. The question will probably specify-- I don't think you'll get points taken off if you use mmol vs mol.
- Wed Mar 07, 2018 8:49 pm
- Forum: First Order Reactions
- Topic: Equation variations
- Replies: 9
- Views: 1174
Re: Equation variations
Rearrange ln[A]f = -kt + ln[A]0 and you will get kt= ln[A]0-ln[A]f. When you subtract ln[x]-ln[y] you can use log rules to write the expression as ln[x/y]. So ln([A]0/[A]f) = kt is the exact same equation, just written differently. You will get the same answer.
- Mon Feb 26, 2018 3:29 pm
- Forum: First Order Reactions
- Topic: Calculating slope
- Replies: 4
- Views: 645
Re: Calculating slope
Remember that [A] is the concentration of the reactants, so, as Clarisse said, ln[A] will decrease over time. The fact that we're able to get k from the graph of ln[A] for a first order reaction is actually super neat.
- Mon Feb 26, 2018 3:27 pm
- Forum: First Order Reactions
- Topic: Negative Rates
- Replies: 4
- Views: 947
Re: Negative Rates
An overall rate of reaction is not negative-- that would just be referring to the reverse reaction. A reactant's concentration is decreasing, so we use a negative sign to denote that. However, the product increases in concentration, and so we say that the overall rate of the reaction is positive. As...
- Mon Feb 26, 2018 3:24 pm
- Forum: Interesting Applications: Rechargeable Batteries (Cell Phones, Notebooks, Cars), Fuel Cells (Space Shuttle), Photovoltaic Cells (Solar Panels), Electrolysis, Rust
- Topic: The Chromium example
- Replies: 2
- Views: 571
Re: The Chromium example
Do you mean the example where he discussed chromium plating? He was discussing how you can use a galvanic cell to plate metals onto other ones-- where a solution of chromium ions are reduced to form solid chromium that is plated onto the solid electrode.
- Mon Feb 19, 2018 4:15 pm
- Forum: Galvanic/Voltaic Cells, Calculating Standard Cell Potentials, Cell Diagrams
- Topic: 14.13
- Replies: 5
- Views: 812
Re: 14.13
I don't know the question you're referring to in full, but in general, oxidation occurs at the anode and reduction occurs at the cathode. When looking at a reaction, identify the two half reactions to see which one is being oxidized (losing electrons) and which one is being reduced (gaining electron...
- Mon Feb 19, 2018 4:13 pm
- Forum: Galvanic/Voltaic Cells, Calculating Standard Cell Potentials, Cell Diagrams
- Topic: 14.23a, cell diagram
- Replies: 1
- Views: 306
Re: 14.23a, cell diagram
I don't know the full question you're referring to, but I would assume that Pt is on the right because there are no solid or liquid state components to conduct the current, and you need an inert electrode. If there is no Pt on the left, I assume there would be a solid or liquid state compound to con...
- Mon Feb 19, 2018 4:09 pm
- Forum: Balancing Redox Reactions
- Topic: Oxidizing/Reducing Agents
- Replies: 2
- Views: 354
Re: Oxidizing/Reducing Agents
Yes, that is correct. The oxidizing agent (the one being reduced) is the one taking the electrons, so it is effectively oxidizing the other compound. The reducing agent (the one being oxidized) is the one releasing the electrons/giving them to the other compound, so it is effectively reducing the ot...
- Mon Feb 12, 2018 9:29 pm
- Forum: Galvanic/Voltaic Cells, Calculating Standard Cell Potentials, Cell Diagrams
- Topic: 14.19
- Replies: 2
- Views: 352
Re: 14.19
It is conventional to write the anode on the left and the cathode on the right. If it is otherwise, the problem will usually specify.
- Mon Feb 12, 2018 9:27 pm
- Forum: Reaction Enthalpies (e.g., Using Hess’s Law, Bond Enthalpies, Standard Enthalpies of Formation)
- Topic: Enthalpy of Formation Intensive Property
- Replies: 2
- Views: 1457
Re: Enthalpy of Formation Intensive Property
How Lyndon explained intensive versus extensive was as follows. Heat capacity is an extensive property because it depends on the amount of substance present. But specific heat capacity and molar heat capacity are extensive because they take into account the amount of substance present, and don't cha...
- Mon Feb 12, 2018 9:23 pm
- Forum: Phase Changes & Related Calculations
- Topic: Is Energy a state function?
- Replies: 1
- Views: 839
Re: Is Energy a state function?
It depends. If you're asking if internal energy is a state function, then yes. We can add up changes in internal energy to find the total change in internal energy-- it does not depend on the path taken. If you're asking about enthalpy, also yes. We see that in Hess's law, bond enthalpies, and entha...
- Mon Feb 05, 2018 2:49 pm
- Forum: Gibbs Free Energy Concepts and Calculations
- Topic: 11.17
- Replies: 10
- Views: 1034
Re: 11.17
I'm not sure which problem you're referring to, but one thing to always double check is that your units for enthalpy and entropy are the same. Enthalpy is usually given in kJ, and entropy is usually given in J, which can sometimes lead to mistakes.
- Mon Feb 05, 2018 2:43 pm
- Forum: Galvanic/Voltaic Cells, Calculating Standard Cell Potentials, Cell Diagrams
- Topic: Max Potential
- Replies: 2
- Views: 361
Re: Max Potential
For the volume change, I believe Dr. Lavelle meant that you cannot accurately measure the difference in volume between two beakers when one beaker is being poured into the other. In the same way, it is difficult to measure potential difference when a current is flowing from one beaker to the other. ...
- Mon Feb 05, 2018 2:37 pm
- Forum: Balancing Redox Reactions
- Topic: Memorization Technique [ENDORSED]
- Replies: 2
- Views: 592
Memorization Technique [ENDORSED]
Hi all! Not really a question, but I thought I'd share this memorization technique I know. Dr. Lavelle said that Loss of Electrons is Oxidation (LEO) and that Gain of Electrons is Reduction (GER). He also mentioned that you could remember LEO the lion. I like to add GER to it so that it reads: LEO t...
- Mon Jan 29, 2018 3:56 pm
- Forum: Gibbs Free Energy Concepts and Calculations
- Topic: Increasing temperature to make G negative
- Replies: 3
- Views: 491
Re: Increasing temperature to make G negative
You cannot change whether or not a reaction is endothermic or exothermic (at least not in this course). If a reaction is exothermic, its reverse reaction will be endothermic. However, you can change temperature to make a reaction more energetically favorable. Given that ∆G=∆H-T∆S and reactions are s...
- Mon Jan 29, 2018 3:50 pm
- Forum: Gibbs Free Energy Concepts and Calculations
- Topic: A spontaneous reaction
- Replies: 7
- Views: 893
Re: A spontaneous reaction
A spontaneous reaction is one that is energetically favorable. The diagram of the hill was meant to show that increases in entropy are energetically favorable, just as decreases in enthalpy are energetically favorable. Gibbs free energy is what we use to determine whether or not a reaction is sponta...
- Mon Jan 29, 2018 3:38 pm
- Forum: Concepts & Calculations Using Second Law of Thermodynamics
- Topic: Text Book Question about spontaneous reactions
- Replies: 1
- Views: 305
Re: Text Book Question about spontaneous reactions
For the most part, oxygen and hydrogen gas do not exist in large enough concentrations near enough to each other in order to react to form water. I believe the textbook is referring to being able to safely store hydrogen and oxygen together without a reaction occurring, unless some outside source of...
- Mon Jan 22, 2018 12:26 pm
- Forum: Concepts & Calculations Using First Law of Thermodynamics
- Topic: First Law Concept
- Replies: 4
- Views: 405
Re: First Law Concept
We use the first law a lot in class-- it applies to open and closed systems as well as isolated systems in the way that energy cannot be created or destroyed. If an open or closed system loses energy, that energy is transferred to the surroundings-- it doesn't just disappear. Hope that helps!
- Mon Jan 22, 2018 12:24 pm
- Forum: Thermodynamic Definitions (isochoric/isometric, isothermal, isobaric)
- Topic: Open Beaker [ENDORSED]
- Replies: 5
- Views: 1520
Re: Open Beaker [ENDORSED]
All of the above are correct-- one more example I found helpful with regard to the difference between system and surroundings was the ocean analogy. If you add a bucketful of water to the ocean, it doesn't really change the volume or pressure.
- Mon Jan 22, 2018 12:20 pm
- Forum: Phase Changes & Related Calculations
- Topic: 8.115 part b
- Replies: 1
- Views: 254
Re: 8.115 part b
For this problem, you use the value from a table of enthalpies of combustion (I believe in Appendix 2A). The enthalpy of combustion for H2 is -286kJ/mol. Multiplying that by 14.7 moles, you get -4.20*10^3 kJ.
- Thu Jan 18, 2018 12:07 pm
- Forum: Reaction Enthalpies (e.g., Using Hess’s Law, Bond Enthalpies, Standard Enthalpies of Formation)
- Topic: 8.73a
- Replies: 3
- Views: 299
Re: 8.73a
Remember that it takes energy to break bonds, and energy is released when bonds are formed. Therefore, -6*518 + 3*837 = -597, which is the enthalpy of reaction.
- Thu Jan 18, 2018 12:04 pm
- Forum: Reaction Enthalpies (e.g., Using Hess’s Law, Bond Enthalpies, Standard Enthalpies of Formation)
- Topic: 8.67 Enthalpy of Formation
- Replies: 2
- Views: 179
Re: 8.67 Enthalpy of Formation
Also note that the ∆H of H2O is not -242 as a liquid. That is its gaseous state. To obtain the answer, -286 kJ/mol, you simply subtract the ∆H(vap)= 44.0kJ, to get -286kJ/mol.
- Thu Jan 18, 2018 11:40 am
- Forum: Heat Capacities, Calorimeters & Calorimetry Calculations
- Topic: Equations for gases using R
- Replies: 4
- Views: 293
Re: Equations for gases using R
I believe he mentioned that we did not yet need them, but he might go over them in class on Friday. The equations are listed on the equation sheet, so we will likely have to know them at some point.
- Wed Jan 10, 2018 8:55 pm
- Forum: Concepts & Calculations Using First Law of Thermodynamics
- Topic: Delta U
- Replies: 3
- Views: 499
Re: Delta U
I believe Michelle is correct, with the important distinction that q would equal -w or -q would equal w. The sum of the net work done on/by a system and the heat transferred to/from a system would have to be zero-- those two values would have to cancel each other out.
- Wed Jan 10, 2018 8:51 pm
- Forum: Concepts & Calculations Using First Law of Thermodynamics
- Topic: Notation
- Replies: 4
- Views: 257
Re: Notation
You could feasibly write the answer either way as long as you included the correct number of sig figs. I believe it's just the author's preference.
- Wed Jan 10, 2018 8:49 pm
- Forum: Heat Capacities, Calorimeters & Calorimetry Calculations
- Topic: Systems
- Replies: 3
- Views: 313
Re: Systems
In discussing systems, we must discuss both the system itself and its relationship with its surroundings. An open system is characterized by its ability to exchange matter and energy with its surroundings. A closed system is characterized by its ability to exchange energy with its surroundings. An i...
- Wed Dec 06, 2017 10:28 pm
- Forum: Lewis Acids & Bases
- Topic: 12.53
- Replies: 2
- Views: 391
Re: 12.53
The main concept for that question is that having more electronegative atoms on an acid makes it stronger-- when a proton is released, the resulting anion is more stable as a result of the electronegative atoms stabilizing the negative charge left by the release of the proton.
Re: Suffixes
You use bis, tris, tetrakis, etc, if the ligand already contains a greek prefix (eg. ethyleneDIamine) or if it is polydentate (eg. oxalate).
- Tue Nov 28, 2017 4:14 pm
- Forum: Equilibrium Constants & Calculating Concentrations
- Topic: Converting between constants
- Replies: 2
- Views: 303
Re: Converting between constants
I don't believe so. Dr. Lavelle briefly went over it but said we wouldn't have to do it on this exam, at least.
- Tue Nov 28, 2017 4:13 pm
- Forum: Equilibrium Constants & Calculating Concentrations
- Topic: Solids and liquids
- Replies: 1
- Views: 805
Re: Solids and liquids
Liquids and solids are omitted from the equilibrium constant expression because, as you said, they do not change in concentration. Solids and liquids are virtually incompressible compared to gases. Pressure changes won't really affect the volume of a liquid or solid sample, whereas pressure changes ...
- Tue Nov 28, 2017 4:05 pm
- Forum: Quantum Numbers and The H-Atom
- Topic: Abbreviating e- configurations [ENDORSED]
- Replies: 7
- Views: 948
Re: Abbreviating e- configurations [ENDORSED]
No, we won't get marked down to my knowledge. Usually he uses px, py, and pz when explaining specific concepts that require those notations to be understood, such as hybridization.
- Mon Nov 20, 2017 6:00 pm
- Forum: Equilibrium Constants & Calculating Concentrations
- Topic: KP versus KC
- Replies: 3
- Views: 484
Re: KP versus KC
The only way Kp is different than Kc is in the units. You can also convert Kp to Kc fairly easily, and therefore it makes sense that they represent effectively the same thing. Kp is used for simplicity in equations only utilizing gases.
- Mon Nov 20, 2017 5:58 pm
- Forum: Naming
- Topic: Example 17.1
- Replies: 2
- Views: 389
Re: Example 17.1
They specify the oxidation number with given roman numerals that so many transition metals have multiple oxidation states.
- Mon Nov 13, 2017 12:55 pm
- Forum: Determining Molecular Shape (VSEPR)
- Topic: VSEPR for four electron densities
- Replies: 2
- Views: 318
Re: VSEPR for four electron densities
Yes, the hybridization would be the same. Look at NH3 and NH4+ as examples, and you see that they both have sp3 hybridization. Hybridization does not depend on the number of lone pairs versus the number of bonded atoms- it only depends on regions of electron density, which can be either.
- Mon Nov 13, 2017 12:52 pm
- Forum: Determining Molecular Shape (VSEPR)
- Topic: Extent of memorization [ENDORSED]
- Replies: 2
- Views: 214
Re: Extent of memorization [ENDORSED]
We'll also have to know that the repulsion between a lone pair of an electrons and a bond is greater than the repulsion between two bonds- so knowing that something with a tetrahedral electron geometry will have bond angles of slightly less than 109.5 between the bonds is important too. But we won't...
- Tue Nov 07, 2017 11:39 am
- Forum: Resonance Structures
- Topic: Resonance structure and formal charges
- Replies: 2
- Views: 407
Re: Resonance structure and formal charges
You kind of just have to experiment a little bit. There's also an easier way to figure out formal charge- you just count the number of electrons the bonded atom controls (count a bond as one electron and a lone pair as two) and compare it to the number of valence electrons it normally has. If it con...
- Tue Nov 07, 2017 11:33 am
- Forum: Octet Exceptions
- Topic: Radicals And Biradicals
- Replies: 2
- Views: 588
Re: Radicals And Biradicals
Radicals and Biradicals are extremely reactive and generally don't last very long in nature- for example, methyl on its own is so unstable that it cannot be stored.
- Mon Oct 30, 2017 12:43 pm
- Forum: Electron Configurations for Multi-Electron Atoms
- Topic: Determining Formal Charge [ENDORSED]
- Replies: 3
- Views: 532
Re: Determining Formal Charge [ENDORSED]
There's also an easier way to determine formal charge than to use the formula. You just see how many valence electrons that atom normally has, and compare it to how many electrons it has in the structure (a bond counts as one electron, a lone pair counts as two). If it has more electrons than it nor...
- Mon Oct 30, 2017 12:40 pm
- Forum: Electron Configurations for Multi-Electron Atoms
- Topic: Super Octet [ENDORSED]
- Replies: 2
- Views: 2484
Re: Super Octet [ENDORSED]
This happens in periods 3 or higher, especially with p-block elements. This is because they have available d-orbitals that aren't filled with electrons that can be used in bonding. It results in a formal charge closer to 0, which makes the structure lower energy and more stable.
- Mon Oct 23, 2017 2:12 pm
- Forum: Quantum Numbers and The H-Atom
- Topic: Abbreviating e- configurations [ENDORSED]
- Replies: 7
- Views: 948
Re: Abbreviating e- configurations [ENDORSED]
Another notation style includes listing each sub-orbital (i.e. px, py, pz) with the number of electrons in that orbital (i.e. 2px1). That's also just a convention, and it's fine to just write p instead of separating it into 3 sub-orbitals.
- Mon Oct 23, 2017 2:01 pm
- Forum: Trends in The Periodic Table
- Topic: Effective Nuclear Charge and Electron shielding [ENDORSED]
- Replies: 2
- Views: 320
Re: Effective Nuclear Charge and Electron shielding [ENDORSED]
Electron shielding refers to the repulsion between two negative electrons, which decreases the nuclear charge/pull towards the nucleus that any one shielded electron "feels". The effective nuclear charge is the pull towards the nucleus that an electron "feels".
- Wed Oct 18, 2017 7:27 pm
- Forum: DeBroglie Equation
- Topic: Quantum Dog [ENDORSED]
- Replies: 2
- Views: 2832
Quantum Dog [ENDORSED]
Hello! Just a hypothetical question- if a large object (a dog, per say) slowed down to a very, very, very, very slow speed (think 10^-30 m/s), would it have observable wavelike properties? I'm aware that classical objects are made up of billions of particles and therefore you can't really calculate ...
- Wed Oct 18, 2017 7:22 pm
- Forum: Properties of Electrons
- Topic: Hydrogen series
- Replies: 5
- Views: 591
Re: Hydrogen series
If we are expected to do calculations with other series besides the Balmer and Lyman series, the principle quantum number of the series (n) will probably just be given. I wonder how many series have actually been experimentally observed?
- Thu Oct 12, 2017 4:20 pm
- Forum: Student Social/Study Group
- Topic: Post All Chemistry Jokes Here
- Replies: 9651
- Views: 2758296
Re: Post All Chemistry Jokes Here
Why do white bears dissolve in water? Because they're polar.
- Thu Oct 12, 2017 4:15 pm
- Forum: DeBroglie Equation
- Topic: Should velocity always be in m.s. when solving? [ENDORSED]
- Replies: 11
- Views: 1893
Re: Should velocity always be in m.s. when solving? [ENDORSED]
To have your units correctly cancel, stick with the metric system's SI units while solving the equation. If the answer asks for velocity- say, in mph- you should complete the problem using the metric system & SI units, and then convert your answer to the desired units using dimensional analysis.
- Thu Oct 12, 2017 4:12 pm
- Forum: *Black Body Radiation
- Topic: Ultraviolet Catastrophe
- Replies: 3
- Views: 1295
Re: Ultraviolet Catastrophe
Classical physics assumes than an oscillator (i.e. a charged particle) could oscillate at any energy, and therefore emit electromagnetic radiation at very high frequencies. Planck's hypothesis says that radiation of higher frequencies can only be generated when an oscillator of that higher frequency...
- Tue Oct 03, 2017 6:59 pm
- Forum: Molarity, Solutions, Dilutions
- Topic: E.15 homework question [ENDORSED]
- Replies: 4
- Views: 535
Re: E.15 homework question [ENDORSED]
Dr. Lavelle also said that he would go over the naming of compounds- and we'll probably go over oxidation numbers too. So don't worry if you don't automatically know the formula of calcium sulfide.
- Tue Oct 03, 2017 4:54 pm
- Forum: Empirical & Molecular Formulas
- Topic: F.1 textbook exercise
- Replies: 3
- Views: 418
Re: F.1 textbook exercise
For this upcoming test, we do not need to know how to write chemical formulas from their names (i.e. Nitric Acid is HNO3)- both the name of the compound and the formula (or just the formula) will be given to us. Dr. Lavelle said we would go over this in class at some point.