CHEMISTRY COMMUNITY

Jeremiah Samaniego 2C

We only have to write the species that would take place in the redox reaction - its simply a summary of the cell structure. There is no need to write the coefficients in the cell diagram. However, if you were given a cell diagram and told to write the half reactions, you must balance the equations a...

Jeremiah Samaniego 2C

Given the reaction:
C (s) + O₂ (g) --> CO₂ (g)

Why is the oxidation state of C in CO₂ 4+ and why is O₂ the species that is reduced, when their oxidation states as reactants and products are essentially the same?

Jeremiah Samaniego 2C

The following redox couple forms a galvanic cell which generates a current under standard conditions.

Pt²⁺/Pt and AgF/Ag,F-

b) Identify the reducing agent.

For this problem I put down AgF as the reducing agent, but the correct answer was Ag. Why is Ag the reducing agent and AgF not?

Jeremiah Samaniego 2C

Does the stoichiometric coefficient in a reaction affect the molecularity? For example, if there was a reaction such as 2 A --> B + C, would the reaction be unimolecular or bimolecular?

Jeremiah Samaniego 2C

I believe this difference arises because for first order reactions, concentrations and rates are directly proportional. On the other hand, for second order reactions, concentrations and rates have such a relationship that if you double the concentration, you would be raising the rate by a factor of ...

Jeremiah Samaniego 2C

Based on the chemical equation, A is a reactant and B is a product. If product B is being formed, then it must mean that reaction A is being consumed. We want to find the equivalent of reactant A being consumed in relation to the product B. By finding the molar ratio between A and B, we can see that...

Jeremiah Samaniego 2C

Adding on to this, we want to use the exponential (non-linear form) when we are discussing a reactant that is decomposing.

Jeremiah Samaniego 2C

The units of k depend on the overall order of reaction. Page 620 of the textbook shows which units of k correspond to first, second, and third order reactions respectively. Generally, units of k will match up with the units concentration so that the units of rate will be concentration / time (mol / ...

Jeremiah Samaniego 2C

Another example is the reaction of nitrogen dioxide with fluorine gas.

NO2 (g) + F2 (g) → 2NO2F(g)

The respective rate would be rate = k[NO2][F2]. Since both NO2 and F2 are of the first order, the overall order is 1 + 1 = 2.

Jeremiah Samaniego 2C

Differential rate law is a function of change in concentration whereas integrated rate law is a function of time. One way to see the two rate laws is that differential rate law describes the mechanism of a reaction whereas integrated rate law relates the initial concentration to a measured concentra...

Jeremiah Samaniego 2C

For ease of analysis, we want to study specifically the initial concentrations of reactants, because as the reaction progresses, the presence of products could affect the interpretation of the reaction rate.

Jeremiah Samaniego 2C

Hi, can someone explain what the book means when it states "Doubling the concentration of the reactant in any second-order reaction increases
the reaction rate by a factor of 2² = 4" on page 619 of the textbook?

Jeremiah Samaniego 2C

Are the units of concentration of reactant or product (i.e. mol / L) included when finding the reaction rate?

Jeremiah Samaniego 2C

Yes. I believe this is required in homework problem 14.33).

Jeremiah Samaniego 2C

The n in the equation is the moles of electrons transferred. To find the electrons transferred, you'll have to write the two half-reactions and balance them. A good example of this is homework problem 14.9.a): Given the overall equation 2 Ce 4+ (aq) + 3 I - (aq) --> 2 Ce 3+ (aq) + I 3 - (aq), the h...

Jeremiah Samaniego 2C

I believe the electrolyte is both the solutions with which the electrodes are in, as well as the solution that makes up the salt bridge in a galvanic cell. By definition, an electrolyte is something that can behave as an ionically conducting medium.

Jeremiah Samaniego 2C

For cell diagrams, how do you know when the anode should be on the left side and cathode on the right side versus cathode on the left side and anode on the right side?

Jeremiah Samaniego 2C

Adding on to the above, an endothermic reaction would indicate heat as a reactant and an exothermic reaction would indicate heat as a product. With that said, you could relate this general relationship to Le Chatelier's principle. Say you had a reaction A + B --> C + Heat, then increasing the temper...

Jeremiah Samaniego 2C

I think this is because internal energy is a state function dependent on temperature, and since the temperature stays the same, there should be no change in internal energy. We can also relate this relationship to q = -w. If the change internal energy is 0, then 0 = q + w and thus, q = -w.

Jeremiah Samaniego 2C

When delta G is negative, the process is spontaneous. When delta G is positive, the forward process is not spontaneous, but the reverse process is spontaneous.

Jeremiah Samaniego 2C

Adding on to this, an easy way to relate these equations is to remember the simple form of (Final - Initial). These equations are usable because state functions can be added or subtracted.

Jeremiah Samaniego 2C

I don't think we have to necessarily know the details of how we get the fractions, but pages 277 and 281 in the textbook explain what those values are and how they come to be.

Jeremiah Samaniego 2C

On exams we probably just need to use the equation. I think Dr. Lavelle shows the integral during lecture just so we can see how the equation comes to be.

Jeremiah Samaniego 2C

When a problem states assume ideal behavior (such as in 9.11), what exactly are we assuming?

Jeremiah Samaniego 2C

The question wants you to calculate ∆S, or the entropy change, when temperature increases at a) constant pressure and b) constant volume. We can find ∆S using the formula ∆S = n*C*ln(T 2 /T 1 ), where n is moles and C is heat capacity. Because we are using the heat capacity of ideal gas, we will ref...

Jeremiah Samaniego 2C

When calculating bond enthalpies, reactants appear positive and products appear negative because by definition, breaking bonds requires energy whereas forming bonds release energy. Standard enthalpies of formation are experimentally found. By nature of the equation H° = ∑nH f °(products) - ∑nH f °(r...

Jeremiah Samaniego 2C

I believe so. If a system is being cooled, then heat would be leaving the system (-q) and if the system is expanding, then work is being done by the system (-w).

Jeremiah Samaniego 2C

In terms of signs for bond enthalpies, breaking bonds always require energy (endothermic, and thus a positive value) and forming bonds always releases energy (exothermic, and thus a negative value). Therefore, it does appear that we are subtracting the enthalpies of the products from the enthalpies ...

Jeremiah Samaniego 2C

And if external pressure is constant, you would be able to substitute q with ∆H in the equation and w with P*∆V!

Jeremiah Samaniego 2C

Adding on to the above, because intensive properties are independent of sample size, they do not change when the size of the sample is changed, and therefore, are more useful. Also take note that some intensive properties are the ratio of two extensive properties, such as specific heat capacity, whi...

Jeremiah Samaniego 2C

I believe heat capacity is an extensive property where as specific heat capacity and molar heat capacity are intensive properties. And to elaborate, I think molar heat capacity at a constant pressure is considered a state function.

Jeremiah Samaniego 2C

For homework question 8.73b we are given the chemical equation CH 4 (g) + 4 Cl 2 (g) --> CCl 4 (g) + 4 HCl (g). In the solutions manual, it shows that we are breaking 4 mols of a C-H bond and we are forming 4 mols of a H-Cl bond. Can someone explain to me why there isn't only one mol being broken an...

Jeremiah Samaniego 2C

From what I understand, the main difference is that expansion work involves a change in volume whereas non-expansion work does not involve a change in volume (page 262 also defines both terms as such). On the same page, an example given for expansion work is an expanding gas inside a cylinder that p...

CHEMISTRY COMMUNITY

Search found 33 matches

Re: Coefficients when writing cell diagrams

Test 2 #1

Test 2 #6b

Molecularity and Coefficients

Re: Half Life for First Order vs Second Order

Re: To determine k

Re: 15.25

Re: 15.9

Re: Example?

Re: Differential vs integrated

Re: initial rate law

Doubling Concentration in Second-Order Reaction

Units of Reaction Rate

Re: Gibbs free energy of half reactions

Re: Delta G=-nFE

Re: Electrolytes

Cell Diagrams

Re: Exothermic and decrease in tempterature

Re: internal energy for isothermal expansion

Re: Spontaneity

Re: formula for standard entropy

Re: 9.7

Re: Calculating Work of Expansion

Ideal Behavior

Re: Question 9.7

Re: Bond enthalpies vs Standard Enthalpies of Formation

Re: Clarification About DeltaU=q+w

Re: 3 Methods

Re: U = q + w assumptions

Re: Intensive vs Extensive [ENDORSED]

Re: Heat capacity

8.73.b

Re: Expansion Work