CHEMISTRY COMMUNITY

Diego Zavala 2I

I initially thought that Cl- should be included but the back of the textbook didn't include it and the question wasn't corrected in the Solution Manual Errors either, so I assumed that I was wrong. But if your answer book does include Cl- on the products then chemistry makes a lot more sense

Diego Zavala 2I

The third law of thermodynamics is used to analyze the probability of finding one compound in a certain direction (think Schrodinger's cat) given the different orientations that it can have. The second law of thermodynamics will involve examining what will occur to the entropy of the system/surround...

Diego Zavala 2I

The reactants are gases and the product is a liquid, hence, the entropy of the system increased

Diego Zavala 2I

I believe this occurs because the reaction that produces Cl- is very slow, so that the reactions hardly forms an Cl- as products

Diego Zavala 2I

Hi, If a system is going from a solid state to liqud or liquid to vapor, then the entropy (disorder) of the system increases. Similarly, if a system is going from vapor to liquid or liquid to solid, then the entropy of the system decreases. Futhermore, because the entropy of the universe must always...

Diego Zavala 2I

k cannot be negative, but there can be reactants with a negative sign in their reaction order

Diego Zavala 2I

If the reaction is endothermic then increasing the temperature will favor the forward reaction; thus, k(1) will increase more than k'(1). (I do not have the textbook with me, so I might have answered the wrong question)

Diego Zavala 2I

Hi Diana! The half life tells you how fast/slow a compound decays. It is important because if you are storing a medicine, you might want to know how much is left after a certain time because if you are injecting medicine into a human you will want to know how much you are injecting and also how long...

Diego Zavala 2I

Do we have to memorize the equation $k=P\times \sigma \upsilon _{rel}N\tfrac{2}{A} \times e^{-E_{A}/RT}$ ? I could not find it on the constants and equations sheet

Diego Zavala 2I

Yes, the half-life represents the same concept in all the rate laws. The half-life equation varies according to the order of the reaction because the integrated rate laws depend on the order of the reaction

Diego Zavala 2I

For our class most, if not all, problems will use the integrated rate law. The differential rate law is used to derive the integrated rate law

Diego Zavala 2I

Half-life can be used to approximate how much of a substance decayed or still remains. For instance, if you start with 100 mol of a substance with a half-life of 10 years then you can determine the following: 50% of the 100 mol, that is 50 moles, will have decayed in 10 years 50% of the 100 mol, tha...

Diego Zavala 2I

We are given the rate law equations on the equation sheet on the test and final, so I doubt that we will be asked to derive the equation. However, knowing how to derive the equations may increase your understanding of rate laws and would be nice to know in case we are asked to derived them. While I ...

Diego Zavala 2I

Because the rate law would become more complicated if we were to analyze the rxn when the presence of products is significant, we only consider the reaction at the very beginning when the amount of products can be considered negligible. While products also affect the rate law, we consider the rate l...

Diego Zavala 2I

You can also use the equation $E=E_{oxidation}+E_{reduction}$

Diego Zavala 2I

To find n, first balance the half reactions. Then multiple each half reaction with a coefficient that will allow you to cross out the moles of electrons on both half reactions. (i.e if one half reaction has 1 electron on the reactant side and the other half reaction has 4 electrons on the product si...

Diego Zavala 2I

For 298K, you can use the equation $\Delta G^{\circ} =-RTlnK$ to find the K value. For 423K, use the equation $ln(K_{2}/K_{1})=\Delta H/R [(1/T_{1})-(1/T_{2})]$

Diego Zavala 2I

The example was mainly to proof why gold could be cleaned in a solution without gold dissolving, but if the object does not contain pure gold then there is a possibility that the object will dissolve.

Diego Zavala 2I

Will there be lecturing on Wednesday 14 for Chem 14B?

Diego Zavala 2I

The maximum potential of a cell is the maximum voltage that can occur between the half reactions, but due to resistance and other factors the maximum cell potential is not typically reached

Diego Zavala 2I

Gibbs free energy measures the theoretical/maximum amount of work that a rxn could still do based on its "free" energy, however, because it is impossible for a reaction to be completely isolated, the "real" work that can be done will be less. I hope this clarifies the concept som...

Diego Zavala 2I

$\Delta G^{^{o}}$ is the standard free energy change in a reaction at 1 bar for gases or 1M for solutions. Because 1 bar is roughly equivalent to 1 atm, we can use the values of the standard free energy for most reactions

Diego Zavala 2I

Will we need to know how to derive the equations for delta G? Or will the midterm be only on applying the equations?

Diego Zavala 2I

Because in reality isolated systems are difficult to engineer, I assume that we will be dealing with open and closed systems quite often

Diego Zavala 2I

I highly doubt this is possible because by exchange matter, one system would be losing the energy that is contained within the matter that was transferred

Diego Zavala 2I

$\Delta U=q+w$ and $w=-P \Delta V$ . Since we are not given volume or external pressure, we substitute -PV for nRT (PV=nRT).

Hence, we get the equation $\Delta U= q -nRT$

$q=\Delta H=-318kJ$
R=3.145
T=298K
$\Delta n$ = (3 moles of gas in products)-(2 moles of gas in reactants)= 1

Diego Zavala 2I

The reason that you continue to calculate 400.0g of water and not 450.0g of water is that you are considering them two separate systems. You do this because the 400.0g of water have a higher temperature than the 50.0g of water at every time interval except when the two systems finally reach equilibr...

Diego Zavala 2I

The negative sign is relative. Because we are calculating the work that the system performed on, say, a piston, the work represents the energy that was lost or gained by the system. If the final volume increased (expansion), then the system did work and, hence, the system lost energy If the final vo...

Diego Zavala 2I

U is the internal energy of the system. Because the internal energy of a molecule would consist on the summation on the energies within atoms, bonds, etc (too complex to calculate), we use Delta U to discuss the change in the internal energy of a system without having to know the actual numerical va...

Diego Zavala 2I

Because the volume is held constant (Delta V=0), the gas cannot perform any work; thus, w=0 and delta U=q.

Diego Zavala 2I

Work is very similar to heat except that work has a direction (i.e energy is used to push a piston up) whereas heat is the random collision of fast and slow molecules, causing energy to be transferred from the faster moving molecules to the slower ones.

Diego Zavala 2I

For rounding a number that ends in 5 (i.e 768.8465), round up iff the number preceeding 5 will become even and truncate iff the number preceeding 5 is already even

Ex. 0.98775 -> 0.9878
Ex. 0.98765 -> 0.9876

Diego Zavala 2I

Divide 22,500J by Delta T (23.97-22.45)Celcius to get J/C, which is the heat capacity of the calorimeter

Diego Zavala 2I

The back of the textbook should have a table of enthalpy values for the different physical states of common compounds, however, I dont think that there exist an equation that allows you to calculate the enthalpy of ice given the enthalpy of water

Diego Zavala 2I

For part a use the equation $w=-P\Delta V$ and for part b use equation w=-nRTln(V2/V1)

Diego Zavala 2I

As to tricks to distinguish strong versus weak acids/bases, I would suggest memorizing the strong acids and bases because they are only a few of them. Also, learn the trends that increase or decrease bond strength (i.e., number of Oxygen atoms, atomic radii, and electronegativity)

Diego Zavala 2I

When ions become more acidic (F- vs Cl-), HCl is more acidic because Cl has a bigger radius and hence the H-Cl bond strength decreases.

Diego Zavala 2I

Acetic acid is use as a solvent for some reactions between acids and bases. a) Nitrous acid and carbonic acids are both weak acids in water. Will either of them act as a strong acid in acetic acid? Explain your answer. b) Will ammonia act as a strong or weak base in acetic acid? Explain your answer....

Diego Zavala 2I

You can predict that BrO- will be the stronger base. Because morphine has a N with a lone pair of electrons, H+ will bind to the nitrogen resulting in a very weak base. HBrO is a weak acid so its conjugate base BrO- will be relatively stronger.

Diego Zavala 2I

Although the answer that Dr. Lavelle said was by removing HN3, you could also change the volume since the reactants and products do not have the same amount of moles of gas (4 in reactants vs 2 in products). Thus, you could decrease the volume to increase the production of NH3

Diego Zavala 2I

How do you determine the oxidation state in a compound with a transition metal?

Diego Zavala 2I

It readily accepts electrons from other atoms, in an attempt to get a full valence shell of eight electrons, thus it behaves as a Lewis acid since it is an electron acceptor

Diego Zavala 2I

The Lewis acid is the reactant that can accept an electron from the Lewis base, which can donate an electron

Diego Zavala 2I

I calculate the formal charges on every atom in the compound and if one atom has a +1 formal charge (assuming all other atoms have a formal charge of zero), then I would place the radical electron on the atom with the +1 formal charge so that the new formal charge will be 0 and the molecule will be ...

Diego Zavala 2I

I believe the shape would depend on where the lone pairs of electrons are placed and not be affected by single or double bonds

Diego Zavala 2I

Elements with radical electrons are also more reactive and do not undergo rearrangement to produce a more stable form (I believe they steal electrons from other elements instead)

Diego Zavala 2I

If you are asked to draw the most stable Lewis structure then, I believe, you can only draw one Lewis structure if the one you drew is the most stable. However, if you have difficult drawing the most stable Lewis structure I would suggest drawing multiple structures to then reason your way into draw...

Diego Zavala 2I

N has a half-full shell (p^3) so it has a lower electronegativity than C because adding another electron to N would increase e-e repulsion; therefore, CH has a higher disassociation energy than NH

Diego Zavala 2I

Because an electron is extremely small, if you measure its position by using light (a photon), the photon will collide with the electron and thus, you will know its velocity but the position of the electron will not be certain because it may have had change direction after the measurement of its vel...

Diego Zavala 2I

I don't believe that you need to know that sulfur has a higher electronegativity than carbon (if you search up a periodic table that shows electronegativity, you can see that S and C have roughly the same electronegativity). To measure which compound is more ionic you compare O and S since Carbon is...

Diego Zavala 2I

Because of the uncertainty principle equation, $\Delta x\Delta p\geq h/4\pi$ , $\Delta p$ is proportional to $(1/\Delta x)$

Hence, if Delta X increases than Delta p decreases and p=mv so velocity will also decrease

Diego Zavala 2I

Alissa, I believe the 2pi comes from derivation of the formula that is outside the scope of the course. However, you may prefer to read "Uncertainty Principle Equation" in wikipedia for more information about how the equation was derived.

Diego Zavala 2I

$\Delta x\Delta p\geq h/(4\pi )$ and $\Delta p=m\Delta v$

Delta v= 5.0 m/s and the mass of a hydrogen atom is (1.0079x10^-3)/(6.022x10^23) kg/atom

Diego Zavala 2I

I also thought that angular momentum should have some level of uncertainty, but I believe it does not because the problem states that angular momentum has definite qunatized values. However, the equation would not make sense since h would be divided by 0.

Diego Zavala 2I

h-bar represents $h/2\pi$
(Planck's constant divided by $2\pi$ )

Diego Zavala 2I

* 6.626x10^-34 Js

Diego Zavala 2I

The value for h is still $6.626x[tex](10)^-^3^4$
Js, but in Heisenberg's Indeterminacy Equation $h/2\pi$ which is equal to
1.054x $(10)^-^3^4$

Diego Zavala 2I

$E=mc^2$ and since C is the speed of light, we can rewrite the equation as $E=mv^2$ . Since p=mv, E=pv.

Diego Zavala 2I

I manage to convert the equation in the textbook, delta X and delta momentum > h/4pi into $\Delta L \Delta \phi \geq h/(4 \pi)$
but I don't know how to interpret this equation given that angular momentum has no uncertainty.

Diego Zavala 2I

We can state Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle in terms of angular variable as \Delta L \Delta \phi \geq h , where delta L is the uncertainty in angular momentum and delta phi is the uncertainty in angular position. For electrons in an atom, the angular momentum has definite quantized values with n...

Diego Zavala 2I

Hey Sharon

I am at Rieber Hall and I would like to join your study group! My email is diego.zavala2017@gmail.com

Diego Zavala 2I

E=mc^2 & E=hf; therefore,

mc^2=hf (f=frequency)

mc^2=h(c/y) (y=lambda)

mc=h/y

mv=h/y Since in E=mc^2, c represents the speed of light we can then replace c with velocity and it follows that:

y=h/(mv)

y=h/p

Diego Zavala 2I

You will also need the conversion factor of 1.602x10^-19J/eV (don't forget to convert kJ to joules)

Diego Zavala 2I

Because E=hvand E=hR[z], the first equation can be rewritten as v=R[z]. Also because (Lambda)x(frequency)=c, Bohr's equation can be written as c/(Lambda)=R[z].

z=(1/n(1)^2)-(1/n(2)^2).

Diego Zavala 2I

Because v(frequency)=R[(1/n(1)^2)-(1/n(2)^2)], so v=R[(1/(1)^2)-(1/(3)^2)] and, if multiplied by -h the equation can be rewritten as E=-hR[(1/3^2)-(1/1^2)].

Search found 65 matches