Search found 47 matches
- Sun Mar 17, 2019 7:33 pm
- Forum: Heat Capacities, Calorimeters & Calorimetry Calculations
- Topic: bomb calorimeter
- Replies: 8
- Views: 1274
Re: bomb calorimeter
Volume is constant in a bomb calorimeter, and usually pressure and temperature change when combustion occurs within the bomb calorimeter. The heat released is thus taken up by the calorimeter.
- Sun Mar 17, 2019 7:29 pm
- Forum: Appications of the Nernst Equation (e.g., Concentration Cells, Non-Standard Cell Potentials, Calculating Equilibrium Constants and pH)
- Topic: Vant Hoff equation on formula sheet
- Replies: 6
- Views: 1102
Re: Vant Hoff equation on formula sheet
How would you derive the vant Hoff equation from the two Gibbs free energy equations?
- Sun Mar 17, 2019 7:27 pm
- Forum: Interesting Applications: Rechargeable Batteries (Cell Phones, Notebooks, Cars), Fuel Cells (Space Shuttle), Photovoltaic Cells (Solar Panels), Electrolysis, Rust
- Topic: Electrolysis
- Replies: 2
- Views: 848
Re: Electrolysis
Are electrolytic cells only unique in that they use non-spontaneous reaction to create chemical energy or is there more differences between them and galvanic cells?
- Sun Mar 17, 2019 7:14 pm
- Forum: Arrhenius Equation, Activation Energies, Catalysts
- Topic: Catalysts
- Replies: 4
- Views: 698
Re: Catalysts
Catalysts are at the beginning and end of a reaction, and are not shown in the overall reaction, but can they be in the overall rate law?
- Sun Mar 17, 2019 7:08 pm
- Forum: Experimental Details
- Topic: Dimerization
- Replies: 2
- Views: 811
Re: Dimerization
In examples in the textbook, dimerization is the fast part of a reaction process. Is dimerization always fast?
- Sun Mar 17, 2019 7:06 pm
- Forum: Student Social/Study Group
- Topic: Post All Chemistry Jokes Here
- Replies: 9651
- Views: 4917838
- Sun Mar 17, 2019 6:59 pm
- Forum: Student Social/Study Group
- Topic: Post All Chemistry Jokes Here
- Replies: 9651
- Views: 4917838
Re: Post All Chemistry Jokes Here
element 1: That was sodium funny!
element 2: I slapped my neon that one!
element 2: I slapped my neon that one!
- Sun Mar 17, 2019 6:49 pm
- Forum: Appications of the Nernst Equation (e.g., Concentration Cells, Non-Standard Cell Potentials, Calculating Equilibrium Constants and pH)
- Topic: Positive or Negative Ecell Values
- Replies: 4
- Views: 1006
Re: Positive or Negative Ecell Values
In galvanic cells, the cell potential must be positive for the travel of electrons and for the electric current to travel through the system. If the cell potential is negative, then the electric current won't travel through.
- Sun Mar 17, 2019 6:43 pm
- Forum: Biological Examples
- Topic: ATP example
- Replies: 7
- Views: 3217
Re: ATP example
Hydrolysis is a catabolic reaction, in which large molecules are broken down into smaller ones. Thus, a fair amount of energy is released and the reaction is endergonic.
- Sun Mar 17, 2019 6:35 pm
- Forum: Appications of the Nernst Equation (e.g., Concentration Cells, Non-Standard Cell Potentials, Calculating Equilibrium Constants and pH)
- Topic: pH of solution holding electrode
- Replies: 1
- Views: 393
pH of solution holding electrode
I'm wondering what equation or process of steps you would use to find the pH of one of the solutions holding an electrode in a galvanic cell, if you are given the overall cell potential and the molarity of one of the electrodes?
- Sun Mar 17, 2019 6:16 pm
- Forum: Student Social/Study Group
- Topic: Post All Chemistry Jokes Here
- Replies: 9651
- Views: 4917838
Re: Post All Chemistry Jokes Here
What kind of fish is made out of sodium?
2 Na
2 Na
- Tue Feb 26, 2019 7:22 pm
- Forum: Gibbs Free Energy Concepts and Calculations
- Topic: Gibbs Free Energy
- Replies: 7
- Views: 975
Re: Gibbs Free Energy
Gibbs free energy answers the questions of whether one of the potential driving forces of a chemical reaction are favorable or not. When Gibbs free energy changes from positive to negative, it changes from being not spontaneous to being spontaneous. When it changes from negative to positive, the fre...
- Sat Feb 16, 2019 9:17 pm
- Forum: Calculating Work of Expansion
- Topic: Real processes
- Replies: 2
- Views: 352
Re: Real processes
An irreversible process is a process that cannot return both the system and its surroundings to their original conditions. The reason real processes are irreversible because there are many factors that affect these processes, such as friction, unrestrained expansion of a fluid, and a mixing of two d...
- Sat Feb 16, 2019 9:06 pm
- Forum: Thermodynamic Definitions (isochoric/isometric, isothermal, isobaric)
- Topic: Residual energy
- Replies: 2
- Views: 494
Re: Residual energy
Residual energy is the difference in entropy between a non-equilibrium state and crystal state of a substance close to absolute zero. This uses the Boltzmann equation, which is S=Kb*lnW. Kb is the Boltzmann constant, and W (degeneracy) can be found by finding the number of possible microstates of th...
- Sat Feb 16, 2019 9:02 pm
- Forum: Gibbs Free Energy Concepts and Calculations
- Topic: Predicting Spontaneity
- Replies: 4
- Views: 1519
Re: Predicting Spontaneity
The Gibbs Free Energy formula can tell about the spontaneity of a rxn based on just the signs of delta H and delta S. If delta H is positive and delta S is negative, then the rxn is not spontaneous, which makes sense because if the enthalpy is positive, this means that the reaction requires heat and...
- Sun Feb 10, 2019 9:18 pm
- Forum: Concepts & Calculations Using Second Law of Thermodynamics
- Topic: How to Calculate Degeneracy
- Replies: 5
- Views: 582
Re: How to Calculate Degeneracy
I was also wondering how W(degeneracy) was calculated. What do W1 and W2 mean in terms of calculating absolute entropy?
- Sun Feb 10, 2019 9:14 pm
- Forum: Calculating Work of Expansion
- Topic: Reversible Work and Maximum Work
- Replies: 5
- Views: 571
Re: Reversible Work and Maximum Work
When a gas expands reversibly, the external pressure is matched to the pressure of the gas at every stage of the expansion. Thus, the steps that correspond to the increase in volume are infinitesimal, and thus achieve maximum area under the curve. This results in the maximum work.
- Sun Feb 10, 2019 9:07 pm
- Forum: Heat Capacities, Calorimeters & Calorimetry Calculations
- Topic: Calorimeters
- Replies: 2
- Views: 306
Re: Calorimeters
Are there any examples of how to calculate empathy changes from calorimetric data?
- Sun Feb 03, 2019 7:30 pm
- Forum: Entropy Changes Due to Changes in Volume and Temperature
- Topic: Reversible v irreversible
- Replies: 4
- Views: 384
Re: Reversible v irreversible
I was wondering, how are reversible processes related to isothermal expansion and how it comes into play when calculating the work of isothermal expansion?
- Sun Feb 03, 2019 6:09 pm
- Forum: Thermodynamic Systems (Open, Closed, Isolated)
- Topic: Thermodynamics vs Enthalpy
- Replies: 2
- Views: 393
Re: Thermodynamics vs Enthalpy
Thermodynamics is the branch of physical science that deals with the relations between heat and other forms of energy. Enthalpy is a thermodynamic quality that means the total heat content of a system and is equal to the internal energy of the system plus the product of pressure and volume.
- Sun Feb 03, 2019 5:56 pm
- Forum: Thermodynamic Systems (Open, Closed, Isolated)
- Topic: 3 methods for enthalpy calculation
- Replies: 10
- Views: 2067
Re: 3 methods for enthalpy calculation
What are the three methods for enthalpy calculation in order from least to most accurate?
- Sun Jan 27, 2019 12:18 am
- Forum: Non-Equilibrium Conditions & The Reaction Quotient
- Topic: When to ignore change in Acid
- Replies: 5
- Views: 944
Re: When to ignore change in Acid
You can ignore the "x" or change in acid when Keq is less than 10^-3. However, after you find the equilibrium concentrations, you should check the % ionization or deprotonation of the acid/base. If it is less than 5%, then ignoring the change is valid.
- Sun Jan 27, 2019 12:14 am
- Forum: Non-Equilibrium Conditions & The Reaction Quotient
- Topic: question 5i.19
- Replies: 3
- Views: 250
Re: question 5i.19
First, you would need to convert the mol amounts into molarity, or mol/L by dividing the mol amounts by the amount of L, which is 3 L. Then, you can create an ICE table, knowing that 60% of the H2 had converted into product. Then, you can find Kc by calculating [HI]^2/[H2][I2].
- Sat Jan 26, 2019 11:24 pm
- Forum: Non-Equilibrium Conditions & The Reaction Quotient
- Topic: Strength of acids based on Ka and pKa
- Replies: 4
- Views: 2117
Re: Strength of acids based on Ka and pKa
The strength of acids and bases is determined by their Ka and Kb, respectively. So the higher the Ka, the stronger the acid, and the higher the Kb, the stronger the base. However, for pKa and pKb, they work the opposite way: the higher the pKa, the weaker the acid, and the higher the pKb, the weaker...
- Sat Jan 19, 2019 1:57 am
- Forum: Non-Equilibrium Conditions & The Reaction Quotient
- Topic: Understanding Q
- Replies: 9
- Views: 810
Re: Understanding Q
You find Q and K in the same way, by dividing the concentrations of the products by the concentrations of the reactants. However, K is the equilibrium constant, while Q is the reaction quotient, which is the constant of the equation at any time. Q can then be compared to K to find out whether the eq...
- Sat Jan 19, 2019 1:53 am
- Forum: Applying Le Chatelier's Principle to Changes in Chemical & Physical Conditions
- Topic: Endothermic
- Replies: 6
- Views: 670
Re: Endothermic
In chemical reactions, chemical bonds are either broken or formed. Generally, when chemical bonds are formed, heat is released, and when chemical bonds are broken, heat is absorbed. So, heat prefers endothermic reactions because the system gains heat. Meanwhile, a chemical reaction is exothermic if ...
- Sat Jan 19, 2019 1:43 am
- Forum: Non-Equilibrium Conditions & The Reaction Quotient
- Topic: Weak Acids and Bases
- Replies: 7
- Views: 859
Re: Weak Acids and Bases
I was informed that we should just memorize the strong acids and bases, and there are seven common strong acids and eight strong bases, which can be found here: http://www.austincc.edu/chemlab/strongacidbase. If they are anything other than these acids/bases, then we can assume the acid/base is weak...
- Sat Jan 12, 2019 7:02 pm
- Forum: Applying Le Chatelier's Principle to Changes in Chemical & Physical Conditions
- Topic: Volume increasing
- Replies: 4
- Views: 328
Re: Volume increasing
Because K doesn't change when pressure changes, a decreasing volume (or increasing pressure) with more moles of gas on the left will cause the reaction to shift to the right. When the volume is decreased and there are more moles on the right, then the reaction shifts to the left. However, when addin...
- Sat Jan 12, 2019 6:56 pm
- Forum: Equilibrium Constants & Calculating Concentrations
- Topic: Temperature
- Replies: 6
- Views: 570
Re: Temperature
The temperature must remain the same because a change in temperature will cause K, the equilibrium constant to change. If the reaction uses heat while forming the product, then heating will favor product formation, which is an endothermic reaction. If the reaction gives off heat while forming produc...
- Sat Jan 12, 2019 6:43 pm
- Forum: Equilibrium Constants & Calculating Concentrations
- Topic: Concentration of P using the Quadratic Formula
- Replies: 3
- Views: 190
Re: Concentration of P using the Quadratic Formula
When using the quadratic formula to find the "x" that you have created to find the equilibrium composition of a certain reaction, you must omit answers that are negative and those that are larger than the initial reactant concentrations or pressures. The answers cannot be negative because ...
- Sun Nov 25, 2018 1:30 pm
- Forum: Bond Lengths & Energies
- Topic: Bond Length
- Replies: 6
- Views: 660
Re: Bond Length
This correlation also goes along with the amount of bonding occurring: so single bonds are the weakest and longest, while triple bonds are the strongest and shortest.
- Sun Nov 25, 2018 1:28 pm
- Forum: *Molecular Orbital Theory (Bond Order, Diamagnetism, Paramagnetism)
- Topic: Electron-deficient compounds
- Replies: 1
- Views: 211
Electron-deficient compounds
Do we need to know electron-deficient compounds, the compounds with too few valence electrons to be assigned a valid Lewis structure? Do we need to know examples or just the definition?
- Sun Nov 25, 2018 1:06 pm
- Forum: Determining Molecular Shape (VSEPR)
- Topic: T-Shaped
- Replies: 5
- Views: 934
Re: T-Shaped
What would the VSEPR model for a T-shaped structure be? Or could there be variations of the VSEPR model?
- Fri Nov 16, 2018 5:12 pm
- Forum: Interionic and Intermolecular Forces (Ion-Ion, Ion-Dipole, Dipole-Dipole, Dipole-Induced Dipole, Dispersion/Induced Dipole-Induced Dipole/London Forces, Hydrogen Bonding)
- Topic: Polar v. Non Polar
- Replies: 7
- Views: 915
Re: Polar v. Non Polar
I was wondering does polarity always have to do with the symmetry of the molecule or are there exceptions?
- Fri Nov 16, 2018 5:10 pm
- Forum: Resonance Structures
- Topic: Resonance Structures
- Replies: 6
- Views: 894
Re: Resonance Structures
I was wondering if for resonance structures do you need to have the same element of atom surrounding the central atom? And can there be more than one double bond for resonance to occur?
- Fri Nov 16, 2018 5:08 pm
- Forum: Determining Molecular Shape (VSEPR)
- Topic: VSEPR Models with 5 bonding regions
- Replies: 3
- Views: 398
Re: VSEPR Models with 5 bonding regions
When there are 5 bonding regions, the model can be either AX5, AX4E, AX3E2, or AX2E3. For AX5, its molecular geometry is trigonal bipyramidal, with 3 atoms in a plane in equatorial positions and two atoms above and below the plane in axial positions. For AX4E, the lone pair of electrons in the equat...
- Thu Nov 01, 2018 3:31 pm
- Forum: Einstein Equation
- Topic: HW Question 1.25
- Replies: 2
- Views: 1105
Re: HW Question 1.25
First you need to convert the wavelength to energy, which you can do my manipulating the two formulas E=hv and c=v(wavelength) to get E=hc/wavelength. I found this to be 3.375x10^-19 J. For part b, I converted mg into mol and then into atoms. Then, I multiplied this amount by the answer I found in p...
- Thu Nov 01, 2018 2:57 pm
- Forum: Photoelectric Effect
- Topic: 1.21 [ENDORSED]
- Replies: 2
- Views: 632
Re: 1.21 [ENDORSED]
I said that the photoelectric effect best supports this idea because in this experiment, a certain light was used to try to eject an electron from a metal. Increasing the intensity was thought to increase the energy, but this did not work. Only changing the type of light to a lower wavelength worked...
- Sat Oct 27, 2018 12:08 pm
- Forum: Trends in The Periodic Table
- Topic: Electron Affinity
- Replies: 8
- Views: 772
Re: Electron Affinity
The textbook asks this question but I don't understand how to answer it.
How do you account for the large decrease in electron affinity between, for example, lithium and beryllium?
How do you account for the large decrease in electron affinity between, for example, lithium and beryllium?
- Sat Oct 27, 2018 11:58 am
- Forum: Electron Configurations for Multi-Electron Atoms
- Topic: Writing electron configurations [ENDORSED]
- Replies: 5
- Views: 347
Re: Writing electron configurations [ENDORSED]
I believe when filling up an orbital, you must fill all orbitals possible with one electron spin before assigning the opposite spin. If there's just one electron, it would be spin up.
- Sat Oct 27, 2018 11:41 am
- Forum: Properties of Light
- Topic: calculating wavelength
- Replies: 10
- Views: 1252
Re: calculating wavelength
The De Broglie equation can be used for any object that has rest mass, because it was found that just as light as both wave and particle properties, electrons also have both. So, the De Broglie equation is usually used to when the object's wavelength we are told to find has mass. If we are doing pro...
- Thu Oct 25, 2018 10:51 pm
- Forum: Properties of Light
- Topic: Chapter 1.15 6th Edition
- Replies: 2
- Views: 334
Re: Chapter 1.15 6th Edition
We know that the since the wavelength is 102.6 nm, the n(1) must be equal to 1 because it is part of the Lyman series. However, to find the initial value of n, we must use Rydberg's equation. First, we can use v=c/wavelength to find the frequency of the electron: v=(3x10^8 m/s)/(102.6x10^-9 m) = 2.9...
- Thu Oct 25, 2018 10:31 pm
- Forum: Bohr Frequency Condition, H-Atom , Atomic Spectroscopy
- Topic: Atomic Spectra Post-Module Assessment # 29
- Replies: 1
- Views: 162
Atomic Spectra Post-Module Assessment # 29
Hello, I was confused about the second part of this post module problem: 29. In 1.0 s, a 60 W bulb emits 11 J of energy in the form of infrared radiation (heat) of wavelength 1850 nm. What is the energy per photon of light emitted? How many photons of infrared radiation does the lamp generate in 1.0...
- Thu Oct 25, 2018 10:24 pm
- Forum: Photoelectric Effect
- Topic: Photoelectric effect pre-module assessment #17-19
- Replies: 8
- Views: 1679
Re: Photoelectric effect pre-module assessment #17-19
For A, I used the formula for kinetic energy, which is 0.5*(mass of electron)(velocity)^2. The velocity is given, and the mass of an electron is the constant 9.109 x 10^-31 kg. After plugging these two values into the equation, you should get the result 1.989x10^-19 J, which corresponds to D.
- Sun Oct 07, 2018 10:06 pm
- Forum: Molarity, Solutions, Dilutions
- Topic: dilutions? [ENDORSED]
- Replies: 5
- Views: 698
Re: dilutions? [ENDORSED]
I solved most dilution problems by using the equation Molarity(M)= mol of solute (n) / vol of solution (V). From this equation, we know that when diluting the solution, the moles of solute remain the same. So, n(initial)=n(final), and also M(initial)V(initial)=M(final)V(final). Using this formula, p...
- Sun Oct 07, 2018 9:57 pm
- Forum: Empirical & Molecular Formulas
- Topic: homework problem F9
- Replies: 3
- Views: 294
Re: homework problem F9
I first converted the percentages into portions of 100-gram samples. Then, I divided these gram amounts by each individual elements' molar masses to find the amount of moles of each element. Then, I divided these mole amounts by the smallest mole amount. This gave me the ratio of 2.67(C): 2.67(H): 1...
- Sun Oct 07, 2018 9:51 pm
- Forum: Limiting Reactant Calculations
- Topic: Limiting Reactant
- Replies: 8
- Views: 1391
Re: Limiting Reactant
I believe that you can instead just convert the grams to moles of each reactant/product. Then, you can use the mole ratios of the reactants and products to determine which is the limiting reactant. For example, for the equation CaC2 + 2H2O = Ca(OH)2 + C2H2, the reactants have a mole ratio of 1:2, so...