CHEMISTRY COMMUNITY

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A second order reaction is a reaction where x + y = 2. This can happen if one reactant is consumed at a rate proportional to the square of the reactant's concentration (rate = k[A]2) or both reactants are consumed linearly over time (rate = k[A][B]).

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For example 10mg of a drug maybe eliminated per hour, this rate of elimination is constant and is independent of the total drug concentration in the plasma

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Zero-order reactions are typically found when a material that is required for the reaction to proceed, such as a surface or a catalyst, is saturated by the reactants. For example a constant amount of drug is eliminated per unit time; 10mg a drug may be eliminated per hour, this rate of elimination i...

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yes we only need to know how to do this approach

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The rate law or rate equation for a chemical reaction is an equation that links the reaction rate with the concentrations or pressures of the reactants and constant parameters. Basically it is a number that relates the rate of a chemical reaction with the concentrations of the reacting substances an...

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Zero-order reactions are typically found when a material that is required for the reaction to proceed, such as a surface or a catalyst, is saturated by the reactants. A reaction is zero-order if concentration data is plotted versus time and the result is a straight line; independent of the concentra...

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b/c it proceeds at a rate that depends linearly on only one reactant concentration, the rate of reaction is directly proportional to the concentration of the reacting substance

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I would know generally what it looks like and how it works, but for sure know how to draw a cell diagram

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Without the salt bridge, the solution in the anode compartment would become positively charged and the solution in the cathode compartment would become negatively charged,because of the charge imbalance,the electrode reaction would quickly come to a halt. The two basically have the same purpose

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yes, when the reaction is reversed you flip the sign

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the mass of an inert electrode does not change during the oxidation-reduction reaction; inert electrodes are often made of platinum or gold because these metals are chemically unreactive.

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It doesn't seem to be asking for two half reactions, rather for you to balance the whole reaction by putting a 3 in front of O2 and O3

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You can add water. Each equation is balanced by adjusting coefficients and adding H2O, H+, and e- in this order: Balance elements in the equation other than O and H then balance the oxygen atoms by adding the appropriate number of water (H2O) molecules to the opposite side of the equation.

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When talking about entropy change due to temperature change when the process was done irreversibly, why do we use deltaS = nRln(t/t)

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every energy transfer that takes place will increase the entropy of the universe and reduce the amount of usable energy available to do work

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the transferred heat depends on three factors: (1) The change in temperature, (2) the mass of the system, and (3) the substance and phase of the substance.

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An isochoric process, also called a constant-volume process, or an isometric process, is a thermodynamic process during which the volume of the closed system undergoing such a process remains constant.

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An isothermal process is a change of a system, in which the temperature remains constant: ΔT = 0. This typically occurs when a system is in contact with an outside thermal reservoir (heat bath), and the change in the system will occur slowly enough to allow the system to continue to adjust to the te...

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An isolated system is a thermodynamic system that cannot exchange either energy or matter outside the boundaries of the system. Heat is not leaving and neither is the contents of the water bottle

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There's the isothermal process where temperature is constant, internal energy is constant, and the quantity P x V, is also constant. There's the isometric process where the change in volume is 0, which means no work can be done.

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Strong acids do have Ka values, extremely large ones that, for the purpose of stoichiometry, the value is considered infinity. This is because strong acids will in theory dissolve completely

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Salts do not chemically react with water. When they combination hit water, they break down into separate ions. The salt becomes soluble in the water, rather than reacting with it. The addition of salt causes the volume of the water to change. But since that salt does not release or bind to the water...

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Enthalpy is a state function because it depends only on two thermodynamic properties of the state the substance is at the moment (like temperature and pressure, or temperature and entropy, or any pair of other state functions). It does not depend on the path followed by the substance to get there. E...

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Changes in presure have very little effect on the volume of a liquid. Liquids are relatively incompressible because any increase in pressure can only slightly reduce the distance between the closely packed molecules.

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As represented by the solution to the integral, enthalpy is a state function because it only depends on the initial and final conditions, and not on the path taken to establish these conditions. Heat is bc the change in the internal energy of a system is equal to the sum of the heat and the work tra...

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If q is positive, we say that the reaction is endothermic, that is, heat flows into the reaction from the outside surroundings. If q is negative, then the reaction is exothermic, that is, heat is given off to the external surroundings.

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Kc and Kp are the equilibrium constants of gaseous mixtures. However, the difference between the two constants is that Kc is defined by molar concentrations, whereas Kp is defined by the partial pressures of the gasses inside a closed system.

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Honestly, it is helpful to memorize them so the strong acids are hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, hydrobromic acid, hydroiodic acid, perchloric acid, and chloric acid. The only weak acid formed by the reaction between hydrogen and a halogen is hydrofluoric acid.

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Strong acids include H3O+, HCl and HNO3. For example, in water, a strong acid like hydrochloric acid readily donates a proton to a water molecule and the equilibrium position lies so far to the right that we usually assume that the HCl molecule completely dissociates in water. This means that the re...

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Pure solids or liquids are excluded from the equilibrium expression because their effective concentrations stay constant throughout the reaction. The density of a pure liquid or solid is the same, regardless of how much pure liquid or solid is present.

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The torr is a unit of pressure and is defined as exactly of a standard atmosphere. A bar is a pressure unit defined as 100 kilopascals. This makes one atmosphere nearly equal to one bar. 1 bar = 750.06375541921 Torr

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The ideal gas law is based on a series of assumptions on gas particles. 1. All gas particles are in constant motion and collisions between the gas molecules and the walls of the container cause the pressure of the gas. 2. The particles are so small that their volume is negligible compared with the v...

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A conjugate acid, within the Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory, is a species formed by the reception of a proton (H+) by a base—in other words, it is a base with a hydrogen ion added to it. On the other hand, a conjugate base is what is left over after an acid has donated a proton during a chemical re...

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en will be bidentate; dien will be tridentate; oxolato will be bidentate

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It mentions it very briefly, like maybe a sentence in the 7th edition, so I would recommend google to help you out Layla

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Polar molecules occur when two atoms do not share electrons equally in a covalent bond. If the electronegativity difference between the atoms is greater than 2.0, the bond is ionic. Ionic compounds are extremely polar molecules. But if the dipole moments cancel out on there molecule, its symmetrical...

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By forming a triple bond, both C and O within carbon monoxide have a full valence shell.

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Oxygen has a greater electronegativity than nitrogen so the non-bonded electron pair on a nitrogen atom is more available for sharing than a non-bonded electron pair on an oxygen atom.

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Electron deficiency occurs when a compound has too few valence electrons for the connections between atoms to be described as covalent bonds. I am not exactly sure if we have explicitly discussed them in class.

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A nodal plane is a plane in which the probability of finding a electron is zero.

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when you make a chemical bond between two atoms, the electrons go from higher energy atomic orbitals to lower energy molecular orbitals. The loss of energy by the electrons coincides with a simultaneous release of energy. Also if you didn't need energy to break a bond then combustion of wood could j...

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electron promotion is when an electron absorbs a photon to jump from a low energy level orbital to a higher energy orbital. This can only happen if the photon energy matches the energy difference of the orbitals.

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Although the bond arrangement around the C atom is symmetrical the different polarities of the C-Cl and C-H bonds means the effects of the bonds aren't canceled.

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What is electrostatic energy and energy density and how will we have to apply this information?

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It is a type of chemical bonding that rises from the electrostatic attractive force between conduction electrons and positively charged metal ions

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If the electronegativity of two atoms is basically the same, a nonpolar covalent bond will form, and if the electronegativity is slightly different, a polar covalent bond will form.

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Atomic radius applies to a single atom. It is the distance from the center of the nucleus to the boundary of its electron cloud. Covalent radius applies when two atoms of the same species are bonded. It is half of the distance between the two nuclei.

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The ground state of Cu is 3d^10 4s^1 because copper atoms have enough electrons to completely fill the 3d sub-shell, but only if one electron from the 4s sub-shell is used and this arrangement makes the atom more stable so it takes on this arrangement, so in order to get a +1 charge it would first l...

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The f orbital is introduced in periods 6 and 7 so in this case when Tl loses 3 electrons, one from the 6p orbital and two from the 6s orbital, the ground state is 4f^14 5d^10

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Since the ion lost 3 electrons, therefore becoming +3, you need to find the element that can lose its two 4s electrons and one 3d electron and have the groundstate of 3d^6 and cobalt can lose its two 4s electrons and one of its 3d^7 electrons to become 3d^6

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Electron orbitals that have the same energy levels are called degenerate orbitals.

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The ionization energy is defined as the minimum amount of energy required to remove the most loosely bound electron, the valence electron. As the atomic radius decreases, it becomes harder to remove an electron that is closer to a more positively charged nucleus

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Yes, it does! The order of the electron orbital energy levels, starting from least to greatest, is as follows: 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s, 5f, 6d, 7p. Except in hydrogen atoms, in hydrogen, all orbitals with the same principal quantum number n are degenerate

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The Schrodinger equation is used to find the allowed energy levels of quantum mechanical systems

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Everything exhibits wave-particle duality, everything from electrons to baseballs. The behavior of relatively large objects, like baseballs, is dominated by their particle nature so we don't/can't detect their wave like properties.

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When light shines on a metal, electrons can be ejected from the surface of the metal in a phenomenon known as the photoelectric effect. The photoelectric effect did not produce the results they expected but rather supports the view that radiation consists of photons that behave like particles. Basic...

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Threshold energy is associated with the amount of energy required to remove an electron from a solid, like in the photoelectric effect, but is not used in the calculation of the energy of a photon

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C is the the speed of light = 3.0 x 10^8 m/s

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Yes, you do need to convert to joules beforehand but based on on decimal points your answer seems correct

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Hello, could someone please explain to me how to calculate theoretical yield for example in the problem in m1 when 35.0 g of ammonia reacted with an excess of hypochlorite ion, 25.2 g of hydrazine was produced; what is the percentage yield of hydrazine?

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Could someone please explain to me the general steps for how to complete a dilution problem?

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Molarity is the number of moles of solute per liter of solution and can be calculated by Molarity= mol solute/L of solution

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