Search found 63 matches
- Mon Mar 11, 2019 6:49 pm
- Forum: Reaction Mechanisms, Reaction Profiles
- Topic: Frequency factor A
- Replies: 7
- Views: 810
Re: Frequency factor A
I believe Professor Lavelle mentioned that the frequency factor is the percent of successful collisions. So if 10% of collisions are successful based off orientation, the frequency factor, A, will be .10.
- Mon Mar 11, 2019 6:47 pm
- Forum: Method of Initial Rates (To Determine n and k)
- Topic: Pre equilibrium approach
- Replies: 2
- Views: 261
Re: Pre equilibrium approach
I believe it is possible to have many fast steps before the slow step, as long as there is a fast step preceding the slow step, which will result in the accumulation of product during this fast step and create equilibrium.
- Mon Mar 11, 2019 6:45 pm
- Forum: General Rate Laws
- Topic: initial vs overall units
- Replies: 1
- Views: 236
Re: initial vs overall units
I believe the units for the rate constant will depend on the order of the reaction. For example, if the reaction is first order, the units for k will be 1/s.
- Tue Mar 05, 2019 10:46 pm
- Forum: Appications of the Nernst Equation (e.g., Concentration Cells, Non-Standard Cell Potentials, Calculating Equilibrium Constants and pH)
- Topic: 7th Edition #6.O.3
- Replies: 1
- Views: 255
7th Edition #6.O.3
Aqueous solutions of (a)Mn+2, (b)Al+3, (c)Ni+2, (d)Au+3 with concentrations of 1M are electrolyzed at pH=7. For each solution, determine whether the metal ion or water will be reduced at the cathode. The solutions manual says that the species with the most positive E value will be reduced at the cat...
- Tue Mar 05, 2019 9:23 pm
- Forum: First Order Reactions
- Topic: First Order Reaction
- Replies: 3
- Views: 335
Re: First Order Reaction
Given that we have the initial concentration of A, or [A]o, [A] is the concentration of A after some time, t.
- Tue Mar 05, 2019 9:20 pm
- Forum: Zero Order Reactions
- Topic: Order Reactions
- Replies: 4
- Views: 441
Re: Order Reactions
I believe for the purposes of this class, only 0, 1st, and 2nd order reactions will be tested.
- Tue Mar 05, 2019 9:17 pm
- Forum: Kinetics vs. Thermodynamics Controlling a Reaction
- Topic: Equation to rate graph
- Replies: 2
- Views: 374
Re: Equation to rate graph
To add to the previous comment, I believe the rate at which C is formed will be 3/2 the rate at which A is decreasing, because 3 C's will form for every 2 A's being used up!
- Wed Feb 27, 2019 10:56 pm
- Forum: Galvanic/Voltaic Cells, Calculating Standard Cell Potentials, Cell Diagrams
- Topic: Cell Diagram
- Replies: 2
- Views: 288
Re: Cell Diagram
I believe they are interchangeable. As long as they are on the correct side of the salt bridge, it should be fine.
- Sun Feb 24, 2019 6:05 pm
- Forum: Work, Gibbs Free Energy, Cell (Redox) Potentials
- Topic: n value
- Replies: 11
- Views: 948
Re: n value
In this equation, n is the moles of electrons transferred within the redox reaction.
- Sun Feb 24, 2019 6:01 pm
- Forum: Gibbs Free Energy Concepts and Calculations
- Topic: gibbs and temperature, 9.67 6th ed
- Replies: 5
- Views: 620
Re: gibbs and temperature, 9.67 6th ed
Because temperature is measured in Kelvin, it is not possible to have a value below 0, since we call the lowest possible temperature absolute 0. Therefore, if deltaH is negative and deltaS is positive, it will not matter what temperature the reaction is at. It will always be spontaneous.
- Tue Feb 19, 2019 10:18 pm
- Forum: Gibbs Free Energy Concepts and Calculations
- Topic: Gibbs Free Energy Measurement
- Replies: 5
- Views: 655
Re: Gibbs Free Energy Measurement
By using the deltaH, deltaS, and T, we can find the value of delta G using the equation (deltaG= deltaH- T*deltaS)
- Tue Feb 19, 2019 10:16 pm
- Forum: Gibbs Free Energy Concepts and Calculations
- Topic: Delta G
- Replies: 3
- Views: 328
Re: Delta G
Normally a negative deltaH indicates spontaneity assuming that delta S is positive or that the temperature of the reaction is low. This will result in a negative deltaG value most of the time.
- Tue Feb 19, 2019 10:11 pm
- Forum: Gibbs Free Energy Concepts and Calculations
- Topic: Spontaneity
- Replies: 3
- Views: 598
Spontaneity
Why is it that if deltaS total is positive we can immediately assume the reaction is spontaneous? I understand that if just deltaS is positive, its difficult to determine whether or not the reaction will be spontaneous. But if deltaS total is positive we can immediately assume the reaction is sponta...
- Tue Feb 12, 2019 6:58 pm
- Forum: Entropy Changes Due to Changes in Volume and Temperature
- Topic: Problem 4F.11 7th Edition
- Replies: 2
- Views: 263
Re: Problem 4F.11 7th Edition
I came across this problem too. I think if it's not specified what kind of ideal gas it is, you can use the equation in the solutions manual.
- Tue Feb 12, 2019 6:56 pm
- Forum: Entropy Changes Due to Changes in Volume and Temperature
- Topic: When is delta S = 0?
- Replies: 3
- Views: 9662
When is delta S = 0?
When is it safe to assume that delta S is equal to 0? Under what conditions and how does this impact S of surroundings and system?
- Tue Feb 12, 2019 6:52 pm
- Forum: Equilibrium Constants & Calculating Concentrations
- Topic: Ka value
- Replies: 3
- Views: 362
Re: Ka value
You should only be worried about what Ka value is associated with a weak acid, since this will determine whether or not you can make assumptions. However for the midterm, Dr. Lavelle said there would be no questions in which you can make the assumption that x is essentially insignificant.
- Wed Feb 06, 2019 10:40 am
- Forum: Entropy Changes Due to Changes in Volume and Temperature
- Topic: Avogadro's Number
- Replies: 2
- Views: 302
Avogadro's Number
Can anyone explain why we raised 2^avogadro's number during lecture? I didn't understand what this had to do with degeneracy/entropy.
- Wed Feb 06, 2019 10:35 am
- Forum: Calculating Work of Expansion
- Topic: Work
- Replies: 5
- Views: 482
Re: Work
Because the system is not doing any work against the surroundings to change the volume (or vise versa), it is safe to assume that under constant volume that no work is being done by or on the system.
- Wed Feb 06, 2019 10:32 am
- Forum: Entropy Changes Due to Changes in Volume and Temperature
- Topic: Residual Entropy
- Replies: 3
- Views: 348
Re: Residual Entropy
Think of residual entropy as something that is completely unmoving, something without thermal energy, rotational motion, or translational motion.
- Tue Jan 29, 2019 10:21 pm
- Forum: Heat Capacities, Calorimeters & Calorimetry Calculations
- Topic: Qsystem+Qsurr=0?
- Replies: 6
- Views: 1877
Qsystem+Qsurr=0?
Can anyone explain the reason behind the negative or positive sign when calculation delta H? I understand it's negative because it exothermic and vise versa, but I was confused when Professor Lavelle discussed the qsystem and q surrounding.
- Tue Jan 29, 2019 10:15 pm
- Forum: Heat Capacities, Calorimeters & Calorimetry Calculations
- Topic: Calorimeter
- Replies: 4
- Views: 446
Re: Calorimeter
Because most calorimeters have insulating properties that allow for the heat of the reaction to not disperse outside of the container. This allows for more accurate results and less experimental error.
- Tue Jan 29, 2019 10:12 pm
- Forum: Reaction Enthalpies (e.g., Using Hess’s Law, Bond Enthalpies, Standard Enthalpies of Formation)
- Topic: Lecture Question
- Replies: 3
- Views: 318
Re: Lecture Question
The reason why O2 has a standard enthalpy of formation of 0 is because diatomic oxygen is the most stable in this form, therefore it requires no change to achieve this state!
- Tue Jan 22, 2019 9:54 pm
- Forum: Equilibrium Constants & Calculating Concentrations
- Topic: Autoprotolysis of water
- Replies: 1
- Views: 217
Re: Autoprotolysis of water
If the concentration of OH- or H+ is less than 1e^-7, which are the standard concentration for autoprotolysis of water, then you can assume that the pH of the solution is neutral or at 7. This is because naturally there exists a concentration of either OH- or H+, so any value that is less than 1e^-7...
- Tue Jan 22, 2019 9:50 pm
- Forum: Applying Le Chatelier's Principle to Changes in Chemical & Physical Conditions
- Topic: Salts
- Replies: 4
- Views: 500
Re: Salts
Usually a salt will include the conjugate acid/base of the acid/base that is ionizing. For example the weak acid, NH3, and its salt, NH4Cl, will form a buffer solution.
- Tue Jan 22, 2019 9:47 pm
- Forum: Equilibrium Constants & Calculating Concentrations
- Topic: Does [H3O+][OH-] always equal 10^-14?
- Replies: 9
- Views: 1215
Re: Does [H3O+][OH-] always equal 10^-14?
Kw will be 10^-14 only if the temperature is 25 degrees Celsius. If the temperature is different, the equilibrium constant for the autoprotolysis of water will also be different. This is because autoionization is endothermic, meaning an increase in temperature will result in more products, shifting ...
- Thu Jan 17, 2019 4:26 pm
- Forum: Ideal Gases
- Topic: Concentration or Partial Pressure
- Replies: 13
- Views: 1003
Re: Concentration or Partial Pressure
If the question gives you partial pressures, normally in atm, then you will be calculating for Kp. If you are given the concentrations of the reactants or products then you will most likely be calculating for Kc. Of course, make sure to determine what the question is asking for.
- Thu Jan 17, 2019 4:15 pm
- Forum: Calculating pH or pOH for Strong & Weak Acids & Bases
- Topic: Relationship between pH, protanation and molarity
- Replies: 5
- Views: 865
Re: Relationship between pH, protanation and molarity
Yes! All you need to do is divide the equilibrium concentration of the conjugate acid/base by the initial concentration of the corresponding acid and base.
- Thu Jan 17, 2019 4:12 pm
- Forum: Non-Equilibrium Conditions & The Reaction Quotient
- Topic: relationship between Ka, Kb, and its ability to donate
- Replies: 3
- Views: 278
Re: relationship between Ka, Kb, and its ability to donate
I believe this is correct! If the conjugate acid has a high pKa, the Ka value is small, meaning the ability to donate a proton is not strong. Therefore the ability for the conjugate acid to form the base is also small, meaning the base is strong.
- Wed Jan 09, 2019 11:47 am
- Forum: Equilibrium Constants & Calculating Concentrations
- Topic: When can "-X" be disregarded?
- Replies: 2
- Views: 192
When can "-X" be disregarded?
When calculating for equilibrium concentrations using initial concentrations, the variable "x" is used as a placeholder for the change in concentration from initial to final. When is this change negligible enough to disregard it, so that solving quadratic or cubic equations can be made sim...
- Wed Jan 09, 2019 11:42 am
- Forum: Equilibrium Constants & Calculating Concentrations
- Topic: Post-Module Question
- Replies: 1
- Views: 191
Re: Post-Module Question
I believe (a) is true because once a reaction reaches equilibrium, the amount of products and reactants will stay the same. Therefore, this ratio of products to reactants will be unchanged unless the temperature changes. (b) is most likely false because the rate at which the reaction occurs has no i...
- Wed Jan 09, 2019 11:39 am
- Forum: Applying Le Chatelier's Principle to Changes in Chemical & Physical Conditions
- Topic: Catalysts
- Replies: 3
- Views: 290
Re: Catalysts
Catalysts have no impact on the equilibrium constant or favor a specific direction of the reaction (forward or reverse). It does however increase the reaction rate which will be discussed later.
- Wed Dec 05, 2018 9:17 pm
- Forum: Bronsted Acids & Bases
- Topic: Bronsted Versus Lewis
- Replies: 4
- Views: 485
Re: Bronsted Versus Lewis
I believe Bronsted is more general, since it refers to being an electron pair donor or acceptor, while Lewis regards being a proton acceptor or donor, which some acids and bases may not have.
- Wed Dec 05, 2018 8:54 pm
- Forum: Dipole Moments
- Topic: Dipole Moment of C and H
- Replies: 3
- Views: 720
Re: Dipole Moment of C and H
I don't think it is ignored, but in the case of CH4, there is no dipole moment because the tetrahedral structure will cancel out the dipoles, therefore making it nonpolar.
- Wed Dec 05, 2018 8:53 pm
- Forum: Amphoteric Compounds
- Topic: List of amphoteric compounds
- Replies: 2
- Views: 250
Re: List of amphoteric compounds
I believe polyprotic acids, after giving off a hydrogen ion, can be amphoteric since it isn't as strong as originally and the reverse reaction is favored. Therefore it acts as slightly acidic while also slightly basic since the reverse reaction is possible, as well as the next forward reaction.
- Mon Nov 26, 2018 8:29 pm
- Forum: Hybridization
- Topic: Atomic Orbitals
- Replies: 2
- Views: 127
Re: Atomic Orbitals
Because the number of orbitals are conserved, this means that the amount of atomic orbitals we begin with will be equivalent to the number of hybrid orbitals we end with.
- Mon Nov 26, 2018 8:26 pm
- Forum: Interionic and Intermolecular Forces (Ion-Ion, Ion-Dipole, Dipole-Dipole, Dipole-Induced Dipole, Dispersion/Induced Dipole-Induced Dipole/London Forces, Hydrogen Bonding)
- Topic: Intermolecular forces and melting/boiling points
- Replies: 4
- Views: 1217
Re: Intermolecular forces and melting/boiling points
Yes, the higher attractions between molecules due to intermolecular forces, the higher the melting and boiling points will be!
- Mon Nov 26, 2018 8:18 pm
- Forum: Biological Examples
- Topic: Cisplatin
- Replies: 9
- Views: 828
Re: Cisplatin
Does anyone know why the chlorines unbind from the ligand, and not the amine groups? Shouldn't the bond between platinum and ammonia be more prone to breaking off as opposed to the chlorine?
- Mon Nov 19, 2018 7:02 pm
- Forum: Photoelectric Effect
- Topic: Speed vs frequency
- Replies: 2
- Views: 684
Re: Speed vs frequency
You could say that the speed of the ejected electron and the frequency of the incoming radiation are directly proportional, because if frequency increases, the energy of the incoming photon also increases. Thus, this will increase the kinetic energy of the electron due to the law of conservation of ...
- Mon Nov 19, 2018 6:57 pm
- Forum: Bond Lengths & Energies
- Topic: VSEPR
- Replies: 6
- Views: 2028
Re: VSEPR
Ge has 4 valence electrons, and there are four fluorines surrounding it. Therefore you can assume that it will form 4 single bonds with each fluorine. Just to be safe, you can count the amount of valence electrons for all the atoms, which is 32, and subtract 8 from the 4 single bonds. You're left wi...
- Mon Nov 19, 2018 4:34 pm
- Forum: Hybridization
- Topic: Hybridized Orbitals
- Replies: 4
- Views: 402
Hybridized Orbitals
Can anyone explain why sp^3d^2 exists? Why is it that the d orbital is involved in hybridization?
- Thu Nov 15, 2018 11:01 am
- Forum: Determining Molecular Shape (VSEPR)
- Topic: Repulsion Strength
- Replies: 2
- Views: 288
Repulsion Strength
Why is it that lone pair repulsion is greater than bonding pair repulsion?
- Thu Nov 15, 2018 10:47 am
- Forum: Determining Molecular Shape (VSEPR)
- Topic: MgO vs BaO
- Replies: 5
- Views: 3548
Re: MgO vs BaO
Because Mg is smaller than Ba, it will exhibit some covalent character since the nucleus will slightly pull on the electrons around the oxygen. Therefore BaO has more ionic character than MgO.
- Thu Nov 15, 2018 10:43 am
- Forum: Determining Molecular Shape (VSEPR)
- Topic: Fluorine and Electronegativity
- Replies: 2
- Views: 746
Re: Fluorine and Electronegativity
Although fluorine has a larger electronegativity than iodine, there is still a covalent bond between the carbon and the fluorine so their is no permanent dipole between the two. As a result, iodine has a lot more electrons than fluorine, making it more polarizable thus resulting in greater induced d...
- Thu Nov 08, 2018 6:01 pm
- Forum: Polarisability of Anions, The Polarizing Power of Cations
- Topic: Polarizability and States of Matter
- Replies: 2
- Views: 559
Re: Polarizability and States of Matter
The polarizability of electrons in a molecule will impact the electron distortion. These electron distortions create dispersion forces that will impact the intermolecular forces acting between molecules. As a result, if there are greater intermolecular forces amongst molecules, it will require more ...
- Wed Nov 07, 2018 11:16 am
- Forum: Octet Exceptions
- Topic: Octet Exceptions
- Replies: 4
- Views: 557
Re: Octet Exceptions
When drawing your Lewis structures, make sure to accommodate an octet for any element in period 2, while any element in period 3 and above can have an expanded octet. This depends on the formal charge of the central atom and the surrounding atoms to ensure that the lowest energy state is achieved.
- Wed Nov 07, 2018 11:12 am
- Forum: Dipole Moments
- Topic: london forces
- Replies: 7
- Views: 862
Re: london forces
All atoms have fluctuating electron distributions that will be distorted in some way, which will create an induced dipole. These forces are more prevalent in atoms with more electrons compared to atoms with less electrons, because there are more electrons that can be polarized.
- Sun Nov 04, 2018 6:47 pm
- Forum: Resonance Structures
- Topic: Resonance of Ozone
- Replies: 3
- Views: 398
Resonance of Ozone
O3 has both a double and single bond in it's most stable, lowest energy Lewis structure. We were taught that in reality, these bonds would be an average between a double and single bond. So when asked whether ozone has one or two different bonds, would we say that it has one type of bond? Or would w...
- Thu Nov 01, 2018 8:26 pm
- Forum: Resonance Structures
- Topic: Radicals and "damaging"
- Replies: 5
- Views: 395
Re: Radicals and "damaging"
What causes the formation of radicals? If they are in a more stable state prior to being a radical, why are they left with 7 valence electrons?
- Thu Nov 01, 2018 8:20 pm
- Forum: Trends in The Periodic Table
- Topic: Ionization Energy
- Replies: 3
- Views: 295
Re: Ionization Energy
We will not be expected to memorize ionization energies of different elements. As long as you know the general periodic trends, you should be fine!
- Thu Nov 01, 2018 8:18 pm
- Forum: Resonance Structures
- Topic: chemical formula
- Replies: 1
- Views: 245
Re: chemical formula
Typically, a chemical formula is used to represent a singular atom, whereas a molecular formula is two or more atoms bound together. Also, bismuth(iii) fluoride is technically the same as bismuth trifluoride, but since it's an ionic compound, bismuth(iii) fluoride is the right way of naming the comp...
- Mon Oct 22, 2018 10:49 pm
- Forum: Electron Configurations for Multi-Electron Atoms
- Topic: Question 1E15 7th Edition
- Replies: 1
- Views: 132
Question 1E15 7th Edition
Which elements are predicted to have the following ground state electron configurations of their atoms?
(d) [Rn] 7s^2 6d^2
Answer in the solutions manual is Thorium, which is in the 5f subshell. Why is it not rutherfordium? Which is in the 6d subshell.
(d) [Rn] 7s^2 6d^2
Answer in the solutions manual is Thorium, which is in the 5f subshell. Why is it not rutherfordium? Which is in the 6d subshell.
- Mon Oct 22, 2018 8:47 pm
- Forum: Trends in The Periodic Table
- Topic: Ionic trends
- Replies: 2
- Views: 122
Re: Ionic trends
Because they all reside in the same row, all of the valence electrons will experience the same shielding. The only difference is the number of protons, which will pull the electrons inwards, thus decreasing atomic radius. As a result, chlorine has more protons than sulfur and phosphorus, so it has t...
- Mon Oct 22, 2018 8:38 pm
- Forum: Electron Configurations for Multi-Electron Atoms
- Topic: How do I identify excited state through the electronic configuration
- Replies: 5
- Views: 5003
Re: How do I identify excited state through the electronic configuration
Arrow down does not necessarily represent an excited state, it only indicates that an electron has a spin opposite to arrow up. However, if the other electrons in the subshell have arrows upward and one is down, this signifies an excited state because the most stable/conventional spins for a half fi...
- Mon Oct 22, 2018 8:32 pm
- Forum: Quantum Numbers and The H-Atom
- Topic: Lyman, Balmer, Pascal
- Replies: 10
- Views: 1458
Re: Lyman, Balmer, Pascal
Jessica Dharmawan 1G wrote:Do we have to memorize these for the test this week?
I think it would be a good idea to familiarize yourself with these series, since they might throw it in the test. Just remember Lyman series has an final state of n=1, Balmer is n=2, and Paschen is n=3.
- Mon Oct 15, 2018 5:15 pm
- Forum: DeBroglie Equation
- Topic: Electrons as Waves
- Replies: 1
- Views: 171
Electrons as Waves
During lecture, a visual was shown displaying how an electron as a wave would look. What happens when there are two electrons? Will the waves look different?
- Mon Oct 15, 2018 5:10 pm
- Forum: Heisenberg Indeterminacy (Uncertainty) Equation
- Topic: Module Q 23
- Replies: 1
- Views: 176
Re: Module Q 23
To start off, we need to find dp because momentum will allow us to find velocity. Therefore, you divide planck's constant by (4pi * dx), dx being the uncertainty of distance which is 10. Doing this will give you 5e-36 kg*m*s-1, our uncertainty in momentum, and using p=mv, you divide momentum by the ...
- Mon Oct 15, 2018 4:56 pm
- Forum: Heisenberg Indeterminacy (Uncertainty) Equation
- Topic: Incorrect Atomic Model
- Replies: 6
- Views: 480
Re: Incorrect Atomic Model
If delta v signifies a range of possible velocities of an electron, isn't it possible that the velocity could be less than the speed of light? How do we know that the velocity of the electron is more than the speed of light if the range doesn't specify whether of not it is?
- Tue Oct 09, 2018 12:21 am
- Forum: Limiting Reactant Calculations
- Topic: Confused on how the solutions manual arrived to this answer?
- Replies: 1
- Views: 252
Re: Confused on how the solutions manual arrived to this answer?
I think you mistakenly used BrF3 as the limiting reactant, when ClO2 should have been used to determine how much product is produced. In other words, 5 mols of BrF3 will result in 2.5 reactions when 12 mols of ClO2 will result in 2 reactions. Therefore, we use the mols of ClO2 as our limiting reacta...
- Tue Oct 09, 2018 12:04 am
- Forum: Photoelectric Effect
- Topic: Kinetic Energy of Emitted Electron
- Replies: 1
- Views: 163
Kinetic Energy of Emitted Electron
It was mentioned in lecture that if the energy of the incoming light is equal to the amount of energy needed to remove an electron from a metal's surface, then the kinetic energy of the removed electron would equal 0. This means that the electron would only move(be detected) due to the charge differ...
- Mon Oct 08, 2018 11:55 pm
- Forum: Properties of Light
- Topic: Problem 1B.5: Units KeV
- Replies: 2
- Views: 137
Re: Problem 1B.5: Units KeV
The unit eV stands for electron volt, and is approximately 1.602x10^19 J per 1 eV. Therefore, to begin this problem, you should convert 140.511 KeV to eV by multiplying by 1000, then multiply that by 1.602x10^19 to get the joules. Then use the energy equation to find frequency, and use this frequenc...
- Mon Oct 01, 2018 7:10 pm
- Forum: Molarity, Solutions, Dilutions
- Topic: Question E16 - Transition Metal Charge
- Replies: 4
- Views: 418
Re: Question E16 - Transition Metal Charge
Silver will normally occupy an oxidation state of +1; it is just a common known transition metal oxidation number that is handy to memorize. Other honorable mentions include aluminum, which has an oxidation number of +3, and zinc, which has an oxidation number of +2.
- Mon Oct 01, 2018 2:43 pm
- Forum: Molarity, Solutions, Dilutions
- Topic: Question G21 [ENDORSED]
- Replies: 5
- Views: 444
Re: Question G21 [ENDORSED]
I am also getting 4.57x10^-2 as my answer for part A. Could just be a simple rounding error, because the amount of moles of K+ should be .02285, but the book rounds it to .0229 before dividing by volume.
- Mon Oct 01, 2018 2:33 pm
- Forum: Molarity, Solutions, Dilutions
- Topic: Question G5 7th Edition
- Replies: 1
- Views: 203
Question G5 7th Edition
A student prepared a solution of sodium carbonate by adding 2.111g of the solid to a 250.0mL volumetric flask and adding water to the mark. Some of this solution was transferred to a buret. What volume of solution should the student transfer into a flask to obtain (a) 2.15 mmol Na+ (b) 4.98 mmol CO3...