CHEMISTRY COMMUNITY

daniella_knight1I

Yes, that is correct.

daniella_knight1I

It should be given.

daniella_knight1I

There are never intermediates in a rate law.

daniella_knight1I

A first-order reaction will be proportional to the change in the initial reaction. So if you multiply one side by two, and the other side doubles as well, you know it's the first order. You also know because when you plug in the equation you will get a decreasing linear graph. If it's a second order...

daniella_knight1I

The k values vary at different temperatures.

daniella_knight1I

I'm having difficulty calculating the order for C. I found A and B, but I keep getting weird numbers for C. Can anyone explain how to figure that one out?

daniella_knight1I

I think either way should work, however I like to write them in order of oxidation or reduction because it makes more sense in my head.

daniella_knight1I

E^o is the cell potential in standard conditions. E^cell is when it is in non standard conditions and that's when you use the nernst equation.

daniella_knight1I

Melting would be a forward reaction so delta G is expected to be negative and favorable because it is spontaneous.

daniella_knight1I

You can use the periodic table to figure out regular states of molecules, however for transition metals, use the molecules you know to figure out the reaction value of the metal. For example, in SO4 2-. we know oxygen is 2-, multiply by 4 gives us -8. The overall charge is -2 so Sulfur must be +6.

daniella_knight1I

The reaction will eventually stop because no more ions are flowing through.

daniella_knight1I

The e value will depend on the overall value of the cell which you get by adding the two half-reactions together to get the overall value.

daniella_knight1I

At equilibrium, the entropy cannot change any longer and has reached its maximum value.

daniella_knight1I

If there is a change in temperature you would use the second equation.

daniella_knight1I

Since pressure is increasing, that means volume is decreasing, therefore there is less space for molecules to spread out, therefore less entropy.

daniella_knight1I

qv is constant volume and qp is constant pressure denoted by the sub letters v and p.

daniella_knight1I

Positive value means an increase in internal energy while a negative one means a decrease.

daniella_knight1I

q is the heat transfer from the system to the surroundings.

daniella_knight1I

Bomb calorimeters keep constant volume while the other kind keeps constant pressure.

daniella_knight1I

The R would be the ideal gas constant since you are dealing with gases.

daniella_knight1I

Use the information given in the problem to select the most adequate method to calculate the answer.

daniella_knight1I

Polyprotic molecules can donate more than one proton.

daniella_knight1I

If the number is so small you can disregard the x because it will have little effect on the number it's subtracting from. A conjugate acid/base is the molecule formed from an acid or a base.

daniella_knight1I

If you see a Ka or Kb constant that's a giveaway. If not you'll have to draw out the lewis structure and look at the lone pairs to determine if it's a weak acid or base.

daniella_knight1I

A solvent reacts with an acid to make it more neutral and that's why it's "leveled off"

daniella_knight1I

The stronger the acid, the weaker the conjugate base and vice versa, that's why it's called a "seesaw" because one is "up" and one is "down" figuratively.

daniella_knight1I

If the x in Ka is so small it's insignificant, (less than 5%) then you can disregard it.

daniella_knight1I

No, powerpoints are not posted but Lavelle has other resources on his website like the audiovisual topics on the material we cover in class.

daniella_knight1I

Discussion posts count as three points per week, and homework papers count as seven points per week respectively. They are different.

daniella_knight1I

It is just the weight of the electron. You use Avogadro's number when pulling molecular weights from the periodic table because the periodic table is in moles per substance and we need grams of a substance.

daniella_knight1I

The molecule is stable and more favorable not giving up it's lone pair, therefore it's a base.

daniella_knight1I

You add H+ to the acid and subtract it from the base.

daniella_knight1I

Polarizability is how easy it to pull an electron from a molecule, and polarizing power is how much the other atom pulls electrons towards it. For example, if one atom is pulling the electrons of another atom in a bond, it has high polarizing power and the other atom has high polarizability.

daniella_knight1I

To find s character, just take how many other orbitals there are and find the fraction of s compared to the total. for example sp is 1/2 so 50%, sp2 is 1/3, sp3, is 1/4 so 25%, sp4 is 1/5, etc.

daniella_knight1I

A pi bond is a nodal plane in the internuclear axis, therefore, it cannot rotate because it is holding together at two points in the nucleus.

daniella_knight1I

You won't have to draw double bonds or wedges. Just be able to visualize the shape from the given structure.

daniella_knight1I

I would say assume the geometry since that's what we've been discussing.

daniella_knight1I

The lone electrons repel each other so they squish the other bonds together making the angle smaller.

daniella_knight1I

Dipole moments are due to the differences in electronegativity between the two atoms. the more negative atom will pull the electrons of the positive one toward it, causing a dipole moment.

daniella_knight1I

Yes they induced dipoles are van der waals and can also be called other names like london forces. They work because they are like a domino effect that occurs due to a force of electrons being moved to one side or becoming denser.

daniella_knight1I

The fluctuations depend on the density of the electrons as well as how positive the nucleus is, either way they fluctuate because they are repelled by the electrons that are dense around them causing movements.

daniella_knight1I

WIth ClO you would draw a double bond but ClO- would be a single bond.

daniella_knight1I

The largest atom can make expanded octets because they have more shells.

daniella_knight1I

Arrange the structure with single bonds and calculate the formal charge, then try double bonding and calculate it again. You want to have the formal charge as close to 0 as possible.

daniella_knight1I

The electron configurations go in order from left to right on the periodic table. Beginning in row 1, group 1, with hydrogen, it is 1s2, as you move left one it is 2s2, and so on and so forth. You can look to the periodic table to figure out electron configurations quite easily, just remember the tw...

daniella_knight1I

I think the most similar elements will be in the same group however metalloids are structured diagonally in the periodic table and share similar properties.

daniella_knight1I

When you remove an election, the atom becomes more positive in the nucleus which means the electrons will be pulled down more since the charge is stronger.

daniella_knight1I

What's the difference between atomic spectroscopy and molecular spectroscopy?

daniella_knight1I

You will know depending on the variables given. If the variables don't quite line up with the energy equation, most likely you will have to use the other one and see if that works. Also make sure you distinguish the variable the problem is asking for.

daniella_knight1I

For the s orbital, it only exists on an actual axis, but for the p and d orbitals, they can exist on planes that are on the z-axis? I just need a clearer explanation to distinguish the different between an orbital on an axis vs. an orbital on a plane.

daniella_knight1I

The values are going to be positive because the light emitted is equal to the energy "lost" by the electron when it dropped levels. Although that may be seen as negative and confusing, it balances out.

daniella_knight1I

Theoretical yields will always be greater because it is the best possible outcome in a chemical reaction where nothing went wrong and both substances produced to their full potential. In reality, this never happens so there will always be an incongruence with the actual yield because some substance ...

daniella_knight1I

Khan Academy has some really good limiting reactant practice problems and they have step by step solutions in case you get stuck. I would also recommend just searching "[topic] practice problems with solutions" and many different options pop up similar to the format in the book. This is ho...

daniella_knight1I

Can you explain the steps you took to get those answers? I can point out and help with the mistakes you might've made.

daniella_knight1I

If there are units in any problem that are not proper SI units that we recognize, for example, mL instead of L, you should always convert it to be safe. Unless the problem specifically asks for that unit always assume you're going to use the SI units.

daniella_knight1I

So question, when do you know if it's asking for the limiting reactant vs. % yield? I keep having trouble trying to grasp what some problems are asking from me so I'd like some clarification to keep my eye out for in the future.

daniella_knight1I

Some problems may go more in-depth than others but the steps they take in each individual problem regarding this topic is the same. Just make sure you realize the missing steps, i.e. converting to moles by dividing by each molar masses and you should be good. If anything, look at other problems that...

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