Search found 89 matches
- Mon Mar 11, 2019 2:10 pm
- Forum: Zero Order Reactions
- Topic: Zero Order Units
- Replies: 3
- Views: 439
Re: Zero Order Units
You can solve for the units of the rate constant by making sure your units at the end equal to M/s (which are the units for rate).
- Mon Mar 11, 2019 2:06 pm
- Forum: Second Order Reactions
- Topic: Units
- Replies: 4
- Views: 554
Re: Units
The units of the rate constant is M-1*s-1 or 1/(M*s) where M is the concentration mol/L.
- Mon Mar 11, 2019 2:05 pm
- Forum: First Order Reactions
- Topic: First order rxn graphs [ENDORSED]
- Replies: 4
- Views: 528
Re: First order rxn graphs [ENDORSED]
It differs in the Y axis.
Zero order is simply [A] vs time.
First order is ln[A] vs time.
Second order is 1/[A] vs time.
Zero order is simply [A] vs time.
First order is ln[A] vs time.
Second order is 1/[A] vs time.
- Mon Mar 11, 2019 2:04 pm
- Forum: Reaction Mechanisms, Reaction Profiles
- Topic: 1/2 dNO2/dt
- Replies: 1
- Views: 250
Re: 1/2 dNO2/dt
1/2 dNO2/dt is the unique reaction rate of the chemical equation given.
It follows the aA+bB-->cC+dD example given a few lectures ago where -1/a*d[A]/dt = -1/b*d[B]/dt = 1/c*d[C]/dt = 1/d*d[D]/dt.
It follows the aA+bB-->cC+dD example given a few lectures ago where -1/a*d[A]/dt = -1/b*d[B]/dt = 1/c*d[C]/dt = 1/d*d[D]/dt.
- Mon Mar 11, 2019 2:02 pm
- Forum: Reaction Mechanisms, Reaction Profiles
- Topic: Meaning of k
- Replies: 4
- Views: 665
Re: Meaning of k
Lower case k is the rate constant. (units vary)
Upper case K is the equilibrium constant. (no units)
Upper case K is the equilibrium constant. (no units)
- Mon Mar 04, 2019 4:40 pm
- Forum: General Rate Laws
- Topic: K
- Replies: 3
- Views: 441
Re: K
The Arrhenius equation k=Ae^(-Ea/RT) demonstrate how temperature and activation energy can affect K.
- Mon Mar 04, 2019 2:43 pm
- Forum: Galvanic/Voltaic Cells, Calculating Standard Cell Potentials, Cell Diagrams
- Topic: Edition 6 14.25
- Replies: 3
- Views: 411
Re: Edition 6 14.25
You would order the metals by highest SRP value to lowest SRP value because they lower they are on the SRP table, the better they are at being reducing agents/getting oxidized.
- Mon Mar 04, 2019 2:30 pm
- Forum: General Rate Laws
- Topic: 6th ed. 15.17
- Replies: 1
- Views: 239
Re: 6th ed. 15.17
I would use the method of initial rates that we learned about in Friday's 3/1 lecture. An example would be to set (rate 1)/(rate 2)= (k1*[A]^x*[B]^y*[C]^z)/(k2*[A]^x*[B]^y*[C]^z) to solve for the order of reactant A in this particular where x,y,z=order of the reactants. Just plug in the values from ...
- Mon Mar 04, 2019 2:26 pm
- Forum: General Rate Laws
- Topic: 7th Ed. 7A.15
- Replies: 2
- Views: 326
Re: 7th Ed. 7A.15
So for C, I think you'll find that your work will get you:
1^z/2^z = 1 where z=the order in relation to reactant C.
This just means that z=0 so the reaction is zero order for reactant C.
Hope this helps!
1^z/2^z = 1 where z=the order in relation to reactant C.
This just means that z=0 so the reaction is zero order for reactant C.
Hope this helps!
- Mon Feb 25, 2019 2:10 pm
- Forum: Appications of the Nernst Equation (e.g., Concentration Cells, Non-Standard Cell Potentials, Calculating Equilibrium Constants and pH)
- Topic: What number to use for "n"
- Replies: 2
- Views: 326
Re: What number to use for "n"
n if the number of moles of electron transferred in the redox reaction. You can find n by balancing the redox reaction.
- Mon Feb 25, 2019 2:04 pm
- Forum: Galvanic/Voltaic Cells, Calculating Standard Cell Potentials, Cell Diagrams
- Topic: Order in Cell Diagrams
- Replies: 2
- Views: 291
Re: Order in Cell Diagrams
I believe the convention on the left would be to write it in the order of oxidation (anode) and on the right would be to write in the order of reduction (cathode) if that makes any sense.
So if Cu2+ were to be oxidized to Cu4+, you would write Cu2+,Cu4+.
So if Cu2+ were to be oxidized to Cu4+, you would write Cu2+,Cu4+.
- Mon Feb 25, 2019 2:00 pm
- Forum: Galvanic/Voltaic Cells, Calculating Standard Cell Potentials, Cell Diagrams
- Topic: inert metals
- Replies: 2
- Views: 257
Re: inert metals
Platinum won't react in the redox reaction (and affect the voltage reading) but it can still conduct electricity (the flow of electrons from the anode to the cathode) which can helpful when your reaction involves gases or aqueous solutions.
- Mon Feb 25, 2019 1:57 pm
- Forum: Work, Gibbs Free Energy, Cell (Redox) Potentials
- Topic: standard vs reaction gibbs free energy [ENDORSED]
- Replies: 3
- Views: 376
Re: standard vs reaction gibbs free energy [ENDORSED]
Standard Gibbs free energy occurs under standard conditions (1M, 1atm, 298K or 25C). I think reaction Gibbs free energy is just referring the free energy of a particular reaction which may or may not occur under standard conditions.
- Tue Feb 19, 2019 1:50 pm
- Forum: Gibbs Free Energy Concepts and Calculations
- Topic: Finding standard reaction for a reaction
- Replies: 3
- Views: 449
Re: Finding standard reaction for a reaction
O2 is probably not included in the calculations for delta H and delta G because standard enthalpy of formation of O2 and the free energy of O2 are both 0.
- Tue Feb 19, 2019 1:42 pm
- Forum: Gibbs Free Energy Concepts and Calculations
- Topic: Relationship between enthalpy, entropy, and Gibbs
- Replies: 4
- Views: 549
Re: Relationship between enthalpy, entropy, and Gibbs
When change in enthalpy and entropy are both negative, raising the temperature would make the change in free energy more positive. (less spontaneous)
When change in enthalpy and entropy are both positive, raising the temperature would make the change in free energy more negative. (more spontaneous)
When change in enthalpy and entropy are both positive, raising the temperature would make the change in free energy more negative. (more spontaneous)
- Tue Feb 19, 2019 1:35 pm
- Forum: Gibbs Free Energy Concepts and Calculations
- Topic: Equilibrium
- Replies: 3
- Views: 373
Re: Equilibrium
If the system is at equilibrium, its free energy is not changing. Therefore, Delta G = 0.
- Mon Feb 11, 2019 2:16 pm
- Forum: Reaction Enthalpies (e.g., Using Hess’s Law, Bond Enthalpies, Standard Enthalpies of Formation)
- Topic: Calculating deltaH of a reaction at a different temperature
- Replies: 2
- Views: 388
Calculating deltaH of a reaction at a different temperature
How do you calculate deltaH of a reaction occurring at a different temperature given deltaH of a reaction at another temperature?
Will we need to know this for the midterm?
Will we need to know this for the midterm?
- Mon Feb 11, 2019 2:13 pm
- Forum: Third Law of Thermodynamics (For a Unique Ground State (W=1): S -> 0 as T -> 0) and Calculations Using Boltzmann Equation for Entropy
- Topic: HW Prolem (4G.4) 7th Edition
- Replies: 2
- Views: 251
Re: HW Prolem (4G.4) 7th Edition
COF2 has greater molecular complexity compared to BF3 which means it has a greater number of possible positions/orientations which makes its entropy greater than BF3 which has lesser number of possible positions.
- Mon Feb 11, 2019 2:11 pm
- Forum: Third Law of Thermodynamics (For a Unique Ground State (W=1): S -> 0 as T -> 0) and Calculations Using Boltzmann Equation for Entropy
- Topic: 4G. 1B 7th edition
- Replies: 1
- Views: 268
Re: 4G. 1B 7th edition
It tell you that there is 1mol of the substance. W= number of possible orientation^number of particles in 1 mol (which is Avogrado's number)
Then use S=kB*lnW to find the entropy of the sample.
Then use S=kB*lnW to find the entropy of the sample.
- Mon Feb 11, 2019 2:01 pm
- Forum: Entropy Changes Due to Changes in Volume and Temperature
- Topic: Equation for temperature change, 4F.11
- Replies: 4
- Views: 501
Re: Equation for temperature change, 4F.11
At least for the 6th edition, this particular question is 9.13 and on the website, the solution manual errors page says that the answer you got was correct because like you predicted, because N2 is a diatomic gas we need to use Cv=5/2R not 3/2R.
- Mon Feb 04, 2019 2:44 pm
- Forum: Calculating Work of Expansion
- Topic: Work equation
- Replies: 2
- Views: 370
Re: Work equation
One is used when the system is at constant pressure (irreversible expansion) (w=-pdeltaV) and the other is used when pressure is not constant (usually isothermal reversible expansion) (w=-nRT*ln(Vf/Vi)).
- Mon Feb 04, 2019 2:43 pm
- Forum: Phase Changes & Related Calculations
- Topic: Phase change problems
- Replies: 2
- Views: 352
Re: Phase change problems
During phase changes, the temperature does not changem so instead of using the equation q=mCdeltaT, use q=ndeltaHfus or q=ndeltaHvap depending on which phase change.
- Mon Feb 04, 2019 2:40 pm
- Forum: Reaction Enthalpies (e.g., Using Hess’s Law, Bond Enthalpies, Standard Enthalpies of Formation)
- Topic: Units
- Replies: 7
- Views: 665
Re: Units
Work is usually in J but if its value is large enough, it can also use kJ.
1 L.atm = 101.325 J. This is the conversion found in the constant and formula sheet.
1 L.atm = 101.325 J. This is the conversion found in the constant and formula sheet.
- Mon Feb 04, 2019 2:34 pm
- Forum: Concepts & Calculations Using Second Law of Thermodynamics
- Topic: Degeneracy
- Replies: 5
- Views: 546
Re: Degeneracy
Degeneracy refers to number of microstates in a system that have the same energy level.
- Mon Feb 04, 2019 2:28 pm
- Forum: Calculating Work of Expansion
- Topic: Reversible expansion
- Replies: 1
- Views: 233
Re: Reversible expansion
Isothermal expansion occurs when the temperature stays constant. It usually refers to reversible expansion where you would use the equation w=-nRT*ln(Vf/Vi).
- Mon Feb 04, 2019 2:20 pm
- Forum: Concepts & Calculations Using First Law of Thermodynamics
- Topic: RXN constant P
- Replies: 2
- Views: 323
Re: RXN constant P
Knowing when the reaction is occurring under constant pressure can help you solve problems involving work. It can help you determine which equation to use (either w=-PdetlaV or w=-nRTln(Vf/Vi)).
Also at constant pressure we can determine that qp=deltaH.
Also at constant pressure we can determine that qp=deltaH.
- Mon Feb 04, 2019 2:18 pm
- Forum: Concepts & Calculations Using First Law of Thermodynamics
- Topic: 8.41 6th edition
- Replies: 2
- Views: 326
Re: 8.41 6th edition
I used a similar method to answer this question. Using the First Law of Thermodynamics, I know that q(ice)=-q(water) where q(ice) is equal to the enthalpy of the phase change of ice (q=n*deltaH(fus)) and the enthalpy of the unknown temperature change (q=50.0*4.184*(Tf-0)). q(water) is equal to the e...
- Mon Feb 04, 2019 2:09 pm
- Forum: Thermodynamic Definitions (isochoric/isometric, isothermal, isobaric)
- Topic: Final Temperature at Constant Pressure, and then at Constant Volume
- Replies: 2
- Views: 1582
Re: Final Temperature at Constant Pressure, and then at Constant Volume
For this question you need to know that for an ideal gas Cp(specific heat at constant pressure) = (5/2) R and at constant volume is Cv = (3/2) R where R is equal to 8.312 J*K-1*mol-1.
You can find these values on the constant and formulas sheet.
Hope this helps!
You can find these values on the constant and formulas sheet.
Hope this helps!
- Mon Jan 28, 2019 2:41 pm
- Forum: Phase Changes & Related Calculations
- Topic: Reverse fusion
- Replies: 3
- Views: 491
Re: Reverse fusion
Fusion (melting) occurs when a solid becomes liquid. In order to make that transition, intermolecular bonds between the substance need to be broken. Breaking bonds is an endothermic process that takes in heat, so enthalpy is positive. Freezing occurs when a liquid becomes a solid. In order to make t...
- Mon Jan 28, 2019 2:29 pm
- Forum: Heat Capacities, Calorimeters & Calorimetry Calculations
- Topic: Heat Capacity
- Replies: 3
- Views: 210
Re: Heat Capacity
Relative heat capacities can give us an idea of how well the substance can act as an insulator. The greater the value of C, the better it is at insulating heat. Greater heat capacities may also point to greater molecular complexity, because there are more atoms and bonds to store energy. These are f...
- Mon Jan 28, 2019 2:23 pm
- Forum: Reaction Enthalpies (e.g., Using Hess’s Law, Bond Enthalpies, Standard Enthalpies of Formation)
- Topic: Standard Rxn Enthalpies for liquids and solids
- Replies: 2
- Views: 325
Re: Standard Rxn Enthalpies for liquids and solids
It just means that the most stable form (its standard state) of a pure liquid or solid is liquid or solid.
- Mon Jan 28, 2019 2:21 pm
- Forum: Phase Changes & Related Calculations
- Topic: Heat Capacity
- Replies: 10
- Views: 967
Re: Heat Capacity
Heat capacity is just the amount of heat required to raise of an object by 1C. It does not specify the amount of the object. The units are usually kJ*C-1 or kJ*K-1. Specific heat capacity is the heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1C. Molar heat capacity is the heat re...
- Mon Jan 28, 2019 2:18 pm
- Forum: Phase Changes & Related Calculations
- Topic: Standard entalpy of formation
- Replies: 6
- Views: 1057
Re: Standard entalpy of formation
By definition, the standard enthalpy of formation of an element in its most stable form is 0. This could include the diatomic molecules, H2, N2, O2, F2, Cl2, Br2, and I2 and transition metals in their solid form, and C in graphite form.
- Wed Jan 23, 2019 5:49 pm
- Forum: Reaction Enthalpies (e.g., Using Hess’s Law, Bond Enthalpies, Standard Enthalpies of Formation)
- Topic: Exothermic and endothermic
- Replies: 3
- Views: 442
Re: Exothermic and endothermic
In addition to what was said above, exothermic reactions tend to make the surroundings warm as it gives off heat, while endothermic reactions tend to make the surrounds cool as it absorbs heat.
- Wed Jan 23, 2019 5:47 pm
- Forum: Reaction Enthalpies (e.g., Using Hess’s Law, Bond Enthalpies, Standard Enthalpies of Formation)
- Topic: Hess's Law
- Replies: 5
- Views: 410
Re: Hess's Law
I think we will use Hess's Law solve for the total enthalpy of a reaction. It proves that enthalpy is a state function. (It can be added or subtracted easily because it is not dependent on the reaction's pathway.)
- Wed Jan 23, 2019 5:43 pm
- Forum: Non-Equilibrium Conditions & The Reaction Quotient
- Topic: Ka and pH
- Replies: 6
- Views: 527
Re: Ka and pH
Knowing the Ka or Kb can help you solve for H+ or OH- concentrations (using ICE tables) that can then help you solve for pH or pOH.
- Mon Jan 14, 2019 3:09 pm
- Forum: Equilibrium Constants & Calculating Concentrations
- Topic: Q 11.47
- Replies: 3
- Views: 378
Re: Q 11.47
To solve for the percentage of PCl5 decomposed, I found the percentage of PCl5 remaining and divided it by the initial amount of PCl5. Once I found that percentage, I subtracted that value from 1 to get the percentage of PCl5 decomposed.
- Mon Jan 14, 2019 2:59 pm
- Forum: Equilibrium Constants & Calculating Concentrations
- Topic: 6th Edition 11.89
- Replies: 3
- Views: 252
Re: 6th Edition 11.89
I haven't done this question yet, but since you you know the balanced equation and the partial pressures of each species in the reaction at equilibrium, I would write out the K expression for the reaction and plug in the values of their partial pressures at equilibrium.
Kp= P(B)*P(C)^2/P(A)^2
Kp= P(B)*P(C)^2/P(A)^2
- Mon Jan 14, 2019 2:52 pm
- Forum: Non-Equilibrium Conditions & The Reaction Quotient
- Topic: "Shifting"
- Replies: 15
- Views: 1801
Re: "Shifting"
If a reaction "sits" toward the product side, it implies that K is large. If a reaction "sits" toward the reactant side, it implies that K is small (less than 1). The word "shift" is used when the reaction is not at equilibrium or when equilibrium is disturbed (Le Chatl...
- Mon Jan 14, 2019 2:48 pm
- Forum: Non-Equilibrium Conditions & The Reaction Quotient
- Topic: Reaction Quotient Value
- Replies: 5
- Views: 328
Re: Reaction Quotient Value
When Q=K, the reaction is at equilibrium; neither the product or reactant side is favored.
- Mon Jan 14, 2019 2:44 pm
- Forum: Equilibrium Constants & Calculating Concentrations
- Topic: HW Q 6th ed. 11.53
- Replies: 5
- Views: 1029
Re: HW Q 6th ed. 11.53
In this question, you will have to set up an ICE table. [H2]=0.400mol/3.00L=.133mol/L and [I2]=1.60mol/3.00L=.533 mol/L If 60.0% of hydrogen gas reacted than X (change in molarity of reactants and products) will be equal to .133mol/L * (.60)=0.08 From there you can calculate the equilibrium concentr...
- Mon Jan 14, 2019 2:34 pm
- Forum: Applying Le Chatelier's Principle to Changes in Chemical & Physical Conditions
- Topic: affect change in pressure has on concentration
- Replies: 2
- Views: 162
Re: affect change in pressure has on concentration
Pressure and concentration are related by the ideal gas law: PV=nRT. When you rearrange the equation, P=(n/V)RT where (n/V) is equal to concentration (mol/L).
When you increase pressure by decreasing pressure, the value of V in the denominator decreases, thereby increasing the concentration.
When you increase pressure by decreasing pressure, the value of V in the denominator decreases, thereby increasing the concentration.
- Mon Jan 14, 2019 2:32 pm
- Forum: Applying Le Chatelier's Principle to Changes in Chemical & Physical Conditions
- Topic: Quadratic Formula in Equilibrium
- Replies: 4
- Views: 301
Re: Quadratic Formula in Equilibrium
The quadratic formula is used most commonly in problems where changes to the initial molarity of the reactant are significant and usually when K is greater than 10^-3. When we get to acid and base equilibria, some K values will be so small that we will be able to use the assumption rule, which allow...
- Mon Jan 14, 2019 2:27 pm
- Forum: Applying Le Chatelier's Principle to Changes in Chemical & Physical Conditions
- Topic: Catalyst
- Replies: 4
- Views: 225
Re: Catalyst
Catalysts are not consumed in a chemical reaction, meaning that they appear in the reactant and product side, so though you could include it into your chemical reaction it is redundant and usually not.
- Mon Jan 07, 2019 3:33 pm
- Forum: Equilibrium Constants & Calculating Concentrations
- Topic: Calculating Equilibrium Concentrations
- Replies: 3
- Views: 259
Re: Calculating Equilibrium Concentrations
You can calculate equilibrium concentrations if you know the value of K and by using ICE tables.
- Mon Jan 07, 2019 3:23 pm
- Forum: Equilibrium Constants & Calculating Concentrations
- Topic: Help on 11.9: b and c
- Replies: 4
- Views: 497
Re: Help on 11.9: b and c
When the question asks you to write the Kc expression, it is just looking for the form, Kc=[P]/[R].
The equation K=KcRT^delta(n) is the equation used to convert Kc to Kp (or the equilibrium constant using partial pressures).
For some reason, it appears the textbook does not include the subscript p.
The equation K=KcRT^delta(n) is the equation used to convert Kc to Kp (or the equilibrium constant using partial pressures).
For some reason, it appears the textbook does not include the subscript p.
- Mon Jan 07, 2019 3:12 pm
- Forum: Equilibrium Constants & Calculating Concentrations
- Topic: Homework Problem 11.3 for 6th Edition
- Replies: 3
- Views: 287
Re: Homework Problem 11.3 for 6th Edition
I think you can either Kc or Kp as long as you follow the conventions for either. So if you were to write Kc expressions, remembering to put the brackets symbolizing concentration around the products and reactants or for Kp expressions, using P (representing partial pressure) and the subscript of ei...
- Mon Dec 03, 2018 1:34 pm
- Forum: Acidity & Basicity Constants and The Conjugate Seesaw
- Topic: Comparing Weak vs. Strong Acids and Bases
- Replies: 3
- Views: 332
Re: Comparing Weak vs. Strong Acids and Bases
For acids we can also look at the strength/length of a bond between H-A as well as the characteristics of oxoacids which depend on the electronegativity of the atoms in an acid.
- Mon Dec 03, 2018 1:28 pm
- Forum: Conjugate Acids & Bases
- Topic: Ch. 12 #3; 6th edition
- Replies: 1
- Views: 202
Re: Ch. 12 #3; 6th edition
No, I believe they are asking you to specify which species were involved in the proton transfer. For example NH4+Cl- in water, the NH4+ (an acid) loses the proton and water gains the proton to become [H3O+]. NH4+ would be the acid, the resulting NH3 would be the conjugate base. H2O would be the base...
- Mon Dec 03, 2018 1:25 pm
- Forum: Bronsted Acids & Bases
- Topic: Comparing pH levels
- Replies: 3
- Views: 295
Re: Comparing pH levels
I believe it's in the acids and bases outline, so it should be important to know.
- Mon Nov 26, 2018 2:17 pm
- Forum: *Molecular Orbital Theory (Bond Order, Diamagnetism, Paramagnetism)
- Topic: pi bond
- Replies: 4
- Views: 438
Re: pi bond
A pi bond can have delocalized electrons if the molecule has other resonant structures.
- Mon Nov 26, 2018 12:48 pm
- Forum: Interionic and Intermolecular Forces (Ion-Ion, Ion-Dipole, Dipole-Dipole, Dipole-Induced Dipole, Dispersion/Induced Dipole-Induced Dipole/London Forces, Hydrogen Bonding)
- Topic: Dipole Forces
- Replies: 3
- Views: 391
Re: Dipole Forces
An easy way that usually helps me remember if the intermolecular forces are dipole or induced dipole is that:
Dipole moments occur with polar molecules where induced dipole occur with non polar molecules.
Dipole moments occur with polar molecules where induced dipole occur with non polar molecules.
- Mon Nov 26, 2018 12:43 pm
- Forum: Lewis Acids & Bases
- Topic: Bronsted Acids & Bases vs. Lewis Acid & Bases
- Replies: 3
- Views: 315
Re: Bronsted Acids & Bases vs. Lewis Acid & Bases
Lewis acids are electron pair acceptors and Lewis bases are electron pair donors.
Bronsted Lowry acids are proton donors and Bronsted Lowry bases are proton acceptors.
Bronsted Lowry acids are proton donors and Bronsted Lowry bases are proton acceptors.
- Mon Nov 19, 2018 1:38 pm
- Forum: Determining Molecular Shape (VSEPR)
- Topic: AXE formulas
- Replies: 1
- Views: 325
Re: AXE formulas
It doesn't say in Outline 3, but I think it's best if you familiarize yourself with all VSEPR formulas and the corresponding molecular shapes. There are numerous charts you can find online for the VSEPR model. I've attached one here: http://web.gccaz.edu/~kimld88531/vsepr%20handout.pdf Hope this hel...
- Mon Nov 19, 2018 1:32 pm
- Forum: Determining Molecular Shape (VSEPR)
- Topic: Lewis Structure of OSbCL3 and shape
- Replies: 2
- Views: 391
Re: Lewis Structure of OSbCL3 and shape
For drawing the lewis structure of a molecule: count the number of valence electrons of each of the atoms and then arrange the molecules so that Sb is the central atom. From there fill in the octets and make sure there are the same number of valence electrons you counted from before. Check formal ch...
- Mon Nov 19, 2018 1:28 pm
- Forum: Hybridization
- Topic: Hybridization Notation
- Replies: 2
- Views: 310
Re: Hybridization Notation
I believe that we will most frequently encounter sp3, sp2, and sp hybridization, but in Monday's lecture, Dr. Lavelle also mentioned that sp3d and sp3d2 hybridized orbitals exist when the central atom has an expanded octet.
- Mon Nov 19, 2018 1:25 pm
- Forum: Hybridization
- Topic: Sigma and Pi Bonds [ENDORSED]
- Replies: 12
- Views: 1101
Re: Sigma and Pi Bonds [ENDORSED]
Sigma bonds have their electron density along the bond axis and cylindrical in shape which allow for rotation. Pi bonds have their electron density above and below the bond axis. Their orbitals overlap side by side which makes them rigid, trying to rotate that bond would result in breaking that bond.
- Mon Nov 12, 2018 12:57 pm
- Forum: Electronegativity
- Topic: ChemistryHow are electronegativity values for elements determined?
- Replies: 3
- Views: 414
Re: ChemistryHow are electronegativity values for elements determined?
I believe Dr. Lavelle mentioned that they are experimentally measured.
- Mon Nov 12, 2018 12:53 pm
- Forum: Determining Molecular Shape (VSEPR)
- Topic: Bond Angles
- Replies: 1
- Views: 139
Re: Bond Angles
One possible reason is when there are nonbonding electron pairs or lone pairs that occupy more space due to electron to electron repulsion. The extra space they occupy would push the bonded atoms to be closer and decrease the bond angles between the two atoms.
- Mon Nov 12, 2018 12:49 pm
- Forum: Determining Molecular Shape (VSEPR)
- Topic: determining VSEPR models
- Replies: 6
- Views: 558
Re: determining VSEPR models
I think one example that showcases how high electron densities repel each other is looking at molecules that have a tetrahedral shape: molecules with 4 bonded pairs, 3 bonded pairs and 1 lone pair or 2 bonded pairs and 2 lone pairs. For instance, the bond angles for CH4 is 109.5 where as for NH3 it ...
- Mon Nov 05, 2018 1:38 pm
- Forum: Electron Configurations for Multi-Electron Atoms
- Topic: cadmium ground state electron configuration
- Replies: 2
- Views: 1456
Re: cadmium ground state electron configuration
The neutral electron configuration of Cd is [Kr]4d105s2.
When the question asks you for the +2 cation of the element, you just have to remove the 2 valence electrons which will get you: [Kr]4d10.
When the question asks you for the +2 cation of the element, you just have to remove the 2 valence electrons which will get you: [Kr]4d10.
- Mon Nov 05, 2018 1:35 pm
- Forum: Heisenberg Indeterminacy (Uncertainty) Equation
- Topic: Post-Module Q#18
- Replies: 3
- Views: 690
Re: Post-Module Q#18
delta X (uncertainty in position) would be 1% times the radius of the atom multiplied by two (which would give you the diameter of the atom).
- Mon Nov 05, 2018 1:24 pm
- Forum: Lewis Structures
- Topic: Lewis Structures
- Replies: 3
- Views: 336
Re: Lewis Structures
One easy way too tell if a molecule is non polar is if the atoms surrounding the central atom are all the same. For example CH4 is non polar.
Granted if there is a lone pair on the central atom and the atoms are the same around it, it will actually polar. For example, SO2.
Granted if there is a lone pair on the central atom and the atoms are the same around it, it will actually polar. For example, SO2.
- Mon Nov 05, 2018 1:20 pm
- Forum: Lewis Structures
- Topic: SO2 Lewis Structure
- Replies: 4
- Views: 1427
Re: SO2 Lewis Structure
There should be double bonds from S to O since this gives us the lowest formal charges. Remember, S can have an expanded octet, so S would have have a double bond with each of the Os and one lone pair and each of the Os would have two lone pairs to fill their octets.
- Mon Nov 05, 2018 1:18 pm
- Forum: Octet Exceptions
- Topic: Expanded Octet [ENDORSED]
- Replies: 5
- Views: 542
Re: Expanded Octet [ENDORSED]
Elements in the third row and below. Some common ones are P, S, and Cl.
- Mon Nov 05, 2018 1:16 pm
- Forum: Formal Charge and Oxidation Numbers
- Topic: Alternative version of formula
- Replies: 7
- Views: 1006
Re: Alternative version of formula
What works for me is: Formal Charge = Valence Electrons - (Dots + Dashes). Dots representing number of electrons that are unbounded and dashes representing the number of bonds.
- Mon Oct 29, 2018 1:57 pm
- Forum: Octet Exceptions
- Topic: Sulfate Ion structure
- Replies: 2
- Views: 202
Re: Sulfate Ion structure
Notable hypervalent (expanded octets) atoms are usually elements below row 2, especially S, P, Cl, Br, I, and Xe. This is because the electrons can occupy the 3d orbital in bonding.
On the other hand, notable octet deficient atoms are usually in column 3A (B, Al, Ga, etc.).
On the other hand, notable octet deficient atoms are usually in column 3A (B, Al, Ga, etc.).
- Mon Oct 29, 2018 1:52 pm
- Forum: Resonance Structures
- Topic: Resonance Structures
- Replies: 5
- Views: 460
Re: Resonance Structures
Most molecules or ions that have resonant structures usually have more than one oxygen. Some examples include SO42- and NO3- which we did in class and CO32-.
- Mon Oct 29, 2018 1:40 pm
- Forum: Lewis Structures
- Topic: Lewis Structure
- Replies: 2
- Views: 205
Re: Lewis Structure
The most stable lewis structure usually has the least number of formal charges and when the negative formal charges are on the most electronegative atom in the molecule. Hope this helps!
- Mon Oct 29, 2018 1:38 pm
- Forum: Lewis Structures
- Topic: General Q on Lewis Structures
- Replies: 2
- Views: 198
Re: General Q on Lewis Structures
No, there isn't a difference. I think lines are easier to read in a lewis drawing and make it more easy to understand that there is a bond, that way the dots can represent nonbonding electrons more easily.
- Mon Oct 29, 2018 1:36 pm
- Forum: Lewis Structures
- Topic: Delocalized Electrons
- Replies: 5
- Views: 474
Re: Delocalized Electrons
Delocalized electrons are present when a molecule can do resonance, meaning the electrons are equally distributed across the bonds of a molecule even though the lewis drawing may indicate otherwise. (This is a limitation of drawing lewis structures.) The electron distribution will be the same across...
- Mon Oct 29, 2018 1:29 pm
- Forum: Lewis Structures
- Topic: Identifying the Charge
- Replies: 2
- Views: 228
Re: Identifying the Charge
Calculating the formal charges of each atom can help you determine the best lewis structure for a particular molecule and like Elias said, confirm the overall charge of the atom.
- Mon Oct 29, 2018 1:27 pm
- Forum: Lewis Structures
- Topic: 3.33 Lewis Structure for NOF
- Replies: 1
- Views: 962
Re: 3.33 Lewis Structure for NOF
F cannot make double bonds because it has 7 valence electrons and only has room to make one single bond to form an octet.
It is more like that the nitrogen and oxygen will form a double bond.
It is more like that the nitrogen and oxygen will form a double bond.
- Mon Oct 22, 2018 2:36 pm
- Forum: Trends in The Periodic Table
- Topic: Ionic trends
- Replies: 2
- Views: 124
Re: Ionic trends
The reason is because when those elements are ionized, the electrostatic attraction experienced between the electrons and the nucleus change. Chlorine has the greatest amount of protons compared to S and P which means that when it loses an electron, it will pull the remaining electrons in even tight...
- Mon Oct 22, 2018 2:31 pm
- Forum: Electron Configurations for Multi-Electron Atoms
- Topic: Electrostatic attraction for multi-electron atoms
- Replies: 1
- Views: 111
Re: Electrostatic attraction for multi-electron atoms
Shielding causes electron to electron repulsion, which increases the value of r which decreases the electrostatic attraction. So electrons in the p orbital compared to the s orbital experience less electrostatic attraction but their energy is not getting close to zero. I find that the electrostatic ...
- Mon Oct 22, 2018 2:26 pm
- Forum: Electron Configurations for Multi-Electron Atoms
- Topic: Topics discussed in today's lecture
- Replies: 3
- Views: 288
Re: Topics discussed in today's lecture
Today we covered writing electron configurations as well as Pauli Exclusion Principle, Hund's Rule, and the Aufbau Principle. We practice writing the electron configurations for elements Carbon, Silicon, Scandium. We need to know the s-Block, p-Block, and 1st row of the d-Block and that after 4s sta...
- Mon Oct 22, 2018 2:20 pm
- Forum: Heisenberg Indeterminacy (Uncertainty) Equation
- Topic: Value of Delta X
- Replies: 9
- Views: 1110
Re: Value of Delta X
Sometimes the question with give you a plus/minus value for deltaX (say +/-5) which means you have to double that value (deltaX=10) before plugging it into the equation.
- Mon Oct 22, 2018 2:19 pm
- Forum: *Shrodinger Equation
- Topic: What is probability density?
- Replies: 2
- Views: 2850
Re: What is probability density?
The probability density is a measure of the likelihood (probability) that a particle will be found at a particular location in space. In this case, where you would likely find an electron in the electron cloud.
- Mon Oct 22, 2018 2:14 pm
- Forum: Quantum Numbers and The H-Atom
- Topic: Electron Spin
- Replies: 3
- Views: 429
Re: Electron Spin
+1/2 represents spin up and -1/2 represents spin down of the electrons. The numbers basically distinguish how the electron is spinning.
- Mon Oct 15, 2018 1:52 pm
- Forum: Bohr Frequency Condition, H-Atom , Atomic Spectroscopy
- Topic: Absorption/Emission
- Replies: 4
- Views: 278
Re: Absorption/Emission
Each unique atom and molecule, I believe, absorb and emit only certain wavelengths of light, that's why spectroscopy is useful in detecting what a substance could be; each element has a specific fingerprint. The actual line that shows up is spectrum emission.
- Mon Oct 15, 2018 1:49 pm
- Forum: Heisenberg Indeterminacy (Uncertainty) Equation
- Topic: Post Module Heisenberg Uncertainty Assessment
- Replies: 1
- Views: 189
Post Module Heisenberg Uncertainty Assessment
How do you calculate deltaV from this problem? You are caught in a radar trap and hope to show that the speed measured by the radar gun is in error due to the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. If you assume that the uncertainty in your position was +/- 5 m when your speed was measured, and that the ...
- Mon Oct 15, 2018 1:44 pm
- Forum: Heisenberg Indeterminacy (Uncertainty) Equation
- Topic: Heisenberg Indeterminacy Equation
- Replies: 4
- Views: 409
Re: Heisenberg Indeterminacy Equation
The reason why we can't determine the precise value of position and momentum is because when the light (photon) is shown onto an electron, it will alter the course of the path the electron is traveling on. The light scattered from the electron will affect the electron's momentum and position because...
- Mon Oct 08, 2018 2:05 pm
- Forum: Photoelectric Effect
- Topic: Increasing photon energy [ENDORSED]
- Replies: 2
- Views: 365
Re: Increasing photon energy [ENDORSED]
The longer wavelength of light has a lower frequency that does not carry enough energy to eject one electron, even when you increase the intensity (amplitude) of the wave. That is what they discovered in the photoelectric experiment, pointing to the fact that light also has properties of particles. ...
- Mon Oct 08, 2018 1:40 pm
- Forum: Properties of Light
- Topic: Intensity of Light and Wavelength
- Replies: 3
- Views: 165
Re: Intensity of Light and Wavelength
It's also important to note that increasing the intensity (or number of photons) of a particular wavelength to increase the number of electrons ejected a particular metal only works when the frequency of the wavelength is already high enough to eject electrons. Otherwise, increasing the intensity of...
- Mon Oct 08, 2018 1:34 pm
- Forum: Properties of Light
- Topic: Quanta & Photons
- Replies: 5
- Views: 434
Re: Quanta & Photons
Quantized and discrete are intended to have the same definition here. It just means that the variables in a system has a only a number of distinct values it can be. For example, when we talk about principle energy levels, n, n can only equal to 1, 2, 3 or 4--never 1.2 or 2.4234, etc.
- Tue Oct 02, 2018 1:53 pm
- Forum: Empirical & Molecular Formulas
- Topic: Correct Answer for Audio-Visual Focus-Topics Empirical and Molecular Formulas Pre-Module Assessment
- Replies: 3
- Views: 320
Re: Correct Answer for Audio-Visual Focus-Topics Empirical and Molecular Formulas Pre-Module Assessment
To answer your second question first, I noticed that for the pre-assessment it doesn't tell you how many you got correct/wrong. However, after submitting the post-assessment, they do tell you how many you got correct/wrong. For #14, you need to use the idea of conservation of mass to find the mass o...
- Mon Oct 01, 2018 2:17 pm
- Forum: Balancing Chemical Reactions
- Topic: States of Matter
- Replies: 11
- Views: 2193
Re: States of Matter
To answer the second part of your question with respect to (aq), knowing whether or not a substance is aqueous in water will also tell you whether or not the compound dissociates, or separates into ions when dissolved in water. This can be important for when you're writing net ionic equations and on...
- Mon Oct 01, 2018 1:54 pm
- Forum: Molarity, Solutions, Dilutions
- Topic: Question G.13 Answer Error (Sixth Edition) [ENDORSED]
- Replies: 1
- Views: 193
Re: Question G.13 Answer Error (Sixth Edition) [ENDORSED]
The answer I got was the answer in the back of the textbook (aside from the mistake of mol C instead of mol N.) Since you originally have 1.0L of 0.20 M of the fertilizer solution, by adding 3.0L of water, your new total volume of solution is 4.0L. The new concentration of fertilizer would be .20mol...
- Mon Oct 01, 2018 1:46 pm
- Forum: Molarity, Solutions, Dilutions
- Topic: Question G25 in 6th edition [ENDORSED]
- Replies: 2
- Views: 183
Re: Question G25 in 6th edition [ENDORSED]
I think the purpose of this question is based more on the concepts of dilution rather than applying the concepts. To find the concentration of a solution, I would still use mol/L where L is the total volume of the solution. So here, since the question tells you that the solution is doubled each time...