CHEMISTRY COMMUNITY

Elena Saab 4A

A metal hydroxide is generally basic, which is why BaO is basic. SO3 is acidic because a nonmetal oxide is generally acidic.

Elena Saab 4A

H3O+ and H+ are the same thing, H+ is just a shorthand for H3O+!

Elena Saab 4A

I had the same question. I know that a weaker acid has a stronger conjugate base (and vice versa) but I was not able to figure out the structure of Morphine. I read in the Textbook that molecules with higher oxidation numbers are stronger acids, so if that applies I imagine BrO is a stronger base. H...

Elena Saab 4A

What values are you referring to?

Elena Saab 4A

What is an example of a Lewis acid that is not a Bronsted? (or a base)

Elena Saab 4A

I think you should be familiar with the more common names from my understanding.

Elena Saab 4A

A Lewis acid accepts an electron pair, while a Bronsted acid donates a proton. A Lewis base donates an electron pair, and a Bronsted base accepts a proton.
Every Bronsted base is a Lewis base, but not every Lewis base is a Bronsted base.
Good luck!

Elena Saab 4A

Homework question J15 asks for the chemical equation of a proton transfer of a cation or anion with water
For example, a) NaC6H5O
How do you write this equation? The answer in the back of the book doesn't include Na in any part of the equation either.

Elena Saab 4A

How do you tell if a ligand will form a chelate? What does it mean to be a chelate?

Elena Saab 4A

The s character is the proportion of the hybridized orbital that is s. A hybridized orbital is like an average of the types of orbitals that make it up, so an sp2 hybridized orbital has less s character than an sp orbital. As the s-character increases, the angle also increases. Hope this helps!

Elena Saab 4A

If you have an sp2 hybridized orbital, there is one p orbital left that is not hybridized. When you are filling electrons into the orbitals, the energy difference between sp2 and p is very small (because you can think of sp2 as an average of s and 2 p orbitals), so it is more energy favorable for th...

Elena Saab 4A

A ligand is any electron rich species that forms 1 or more bonds with a cation. A mono dentate bonds with a cation at 1 site, so it donates 1 electron pair. A Bidentate bonds at 2 sites, and donates 2 electron pairs. A tridentate bonds at 3 sites, and a hexadendate bonds at 6 sites.

Elena Saab 4A

The first 2 structures are both polar because the Chlorine are very electronegative and would pull the dipole moments heavily towards the side they are on. In the third structure, the Chlorines are placed opposite each other and cancelling each other's dipole moment.

Elena Saab 4A

I think that 2 of the Hydrogen would be connected with a wedged line, and 2 with a dotted line. I imagine that the Nitrogens would be connected on the same plane.

Elena Saab 4A

I don't think you will have to draw a sigma or pi bond, but you should know how they look on the internuclear axis. Sigma bonds are bonded directly on the axis, and pi bonds are bonded above/below the axis. Therefore, sigma bonds are moveable and can rotate, but pi bonds cannot rotate.

Elena Saab 4A

I think that if there are no lone pairs, the bond angle would be equal. It might slightly change with lone pairs, but not dramatically. However, this does help clarify polarity/dipole moments!

Elena Saab 4A

You must also consider lone pairs that change the angles between atoms surrounding the central atom.

Elena Saab 4A

The lone pairs on the central atom determine the angles between the surrounding atoms. So technically, you do need to consider the position of the lone pairs, even though the shape is determined by the atoms.

Elena Saab 4A

This rule means that when determine molecular structure, a single-, double-, and triple- bond all are treated as the same number of electronic region (1 region each). A double-bond is not considered 2 regions of density when determining shape.

Elena Saab 4A

I believe that these attractions have minor differences, but we will consider them equal in this class.

Elena Saab 4A

Is formal charge also more important than having resonance structure? How much does resonance affect stability?

Elena Saab 4A

How can you tell if a molecule has a coordinate covalent bond? Can you differentiate by the Lewis structure?

Elena Saab 4A

Are the atoms in the middle of a molecule generally the atoms with an expanded octet (rather than atoms on the periphery)? For example, in ICl4^-, even though it would make more sense for one of the Chlorine atoms to hold the negative charge because it is more electronegative than Iodine, the Iodine...

Elena Saab 4A

From my understanding, they should be able to have an expanded octet as long as they are in at least the third period.

Elena Saab 4A

The resonance bond length is around the average of the bonds that compromise it. I don't think at our level we can know exactly the bond length.

Elena Saab 4A

I believe that is the general rule, so yes!

Elena Saab 4A

Yes, you also have to write out lewis structures to determine if bonds are single, double, or triple- and then showing sigma versus pi bonds!

Elena Saab 4A

Additionally, a sigma bond is a direct overlap over the nuclear axis, whereas a pi bond is an overlap above/below that axis.

Elena Saab 4A

Additionally, if you write out both structures and calculate the formal charge (whichever has a 0 formal charge). The molecule with zero formal charge is the most stable structure, which is why it would be more likely to exist.

Elena Saab 4A

Although I do not know if this is definitively why... I imagine that Be and Mg have equal ionization energies because both of their s shells are filled fully with 2 electrons. However this would not apply to Ga and In, but maybe because they only have 1 electron each in their valence shell (p), so i...

Elena Saab 4A

In the atomic spectroscopy module, there is a true or false question:
The energy of an atom is increased when electromagnetic radiation is emitted from it?

The correct answer is false, does this mean the magnitude of the energy becomes lower, or the energy becomes more negative?

Elena Saab 4A

This is also confusing me. I think naturally oil is not charged so the experimenters must have altered it manually?

Elena Saab 4A

I believe that if the energy of the photon = the threshold frequency, there is enough energy to remove an electron but not enough to give it a velocity. however, if the energy of the photon is greater than the frequency, the electron would have kinetic energy.

Elena Saab 4A

You can determine the event by the frequency, wavelength, and energy based on a chart earlier in the chapter. I don't think that you will have to know these numbers, but you should know the range of visible light (400 nm to 700 nm).

Elena Saab 4A

You use the Rydberg constant when you are solving for the energy change when an electron changes energy levels.

Elena Saab 4A

a. Kinetic energy= 1/2(mv^2), and the mass of an electron is 9.109x10^-31 kg. b. I believe the energy here required to to remove 1 sodium electron would be equal to the work function. c. the Energy of the photon = work function + kinetic energy. If you find the energy, you also know that E=hv, (v=fr...

Elena Saab 4A

I believe you would need to know either the threshold frequency or the velocity to answer this type of problem.

Elena Saab 4A

Since you know that it is part of the Lymann series (because it is a Hydrogen in the UV spectrum), you can fill in that the final n value is n=1. Then, you can plug that into the equation (frequency= Rydberg's constant((1/final n^2)-(1/initial n^2) and solve!

Elena Saab 4A

For Q30, A would be the limiting reactant because for every 1 mole of B being used, 2 moles of A are required.
For Q32, B would be in excess because all of A cannot use up all of B (because it is limiting).
I am also lost on question 33, sorry!

Elena Saab 4A

No, because the law of conservation of mass. Additionally, that is why the percent yield will never be over 100%!

Elena Saab 4A

What helps me the most is to first balance the elements that occur the least, and then I move on to elements other than Oxygen and Hydrogen. I save elements that are not combined with anything other than itself for last!

Elena Saab 4A

Question G25 in the sixth edition asks how many molecules of substance X are left after diluting a solution 90 times. What kind of equation can you set up to solve this?

Elena Saab 4A

Once you have the moles in the new solution (.05 mol), you need to multiply by the mole ratio of (2 moles N)/(1 mole NH4NO3)to find the moles of Nitrogen. Hope this helps!

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