Search found 57 matches
- Sat Mar 16, 2019 7:51 pm
- Forum: Reaction Mechanisms, Reaction Profiles
- Topic: Transition State
- Replies: 3
- Views: 392
Re: Transition State
Transitions states are the hills, or local maxims, of a reaction profile diagram, and these states are where the bonds of the chemicals are being broken and reformed, having high energy.
- Sat Mar 16, 2019 7:45 pm
- Forum: Applying Le Chatelier's Principle to Changes in Chemical & Physical Conditions
- Topic: Changes in Concentration
- Replies: 8
- Views: 769
Re: Changes in Concentration
When concentration goes up on one side it means that that particular side if being made therefore the reaction is proceeding in that direction. The reverse is true when a side's concentration is decreasing meaning that the reaction is proceeding to the opposite side. At the same time the reaction co...
- Sat Mar 16, 2019 7:26 pm
- Forum: Calculating Work of Expansion
- Topic: 7th Edition, 4.B.13
- Replies: 2
- Views: 517
Re: 7th Edition, 4.B.13
I believe the question is asking for the work done by irreversible expansion in which case is found using the equation W = P*delta(V). We multiply delta(V), 2.23L, with the constant external pressure, 1 atm, and get 2.23 L*atm which being a unit of energy is not in its standard form joules. To conve...
- Sat Mar 16, 2019 7:16 pm
- Forum: Arrhenius Equation, Activation Energies, Catalysts
- Topic: Determining catalysts
- Replies: 2
- Views: 274
Re: Determining catalysts
Intermediates are created and used up therefore it doesn't show up in the overall reaction whereas catalysts appear in the beginning and the end of a reaction. In this example, the intermediate is C and there are no catalysts.
- Mon Mar 11, 2019 10:27 am
- Forum: Ideal Gases
- Topic: ICE
- Replies: 8
- Views: 698
Re: ICE
When k < 10^-3, we assume the change in reactant is negligible therefore the value of the reactants is the same. Ex) A + B --> C: std defn of k = [C]/([A][B]). After equilibrium k = [C+x]/([A-x][B-x]), with x denoting the change in concentration, however the change is negligible therefore the equati...
- Sun Mar 10, 2019 3:44 pm
- Forum: Zero Order Reactions
- Topic: How can you tell a reaction zero order?
- Replies: 4
- Views: 594
Re: How can you tell a reaction zero order?
You could also determine if a reactant is zero order by looking at a table of reactant concentration and rate. If the concentration changes but the rate doesn't, the reactant has a zero order reaction.
- Sun Mar 10, 2019 3:41 pm
- Forum: Balancing Redox Reactions
- Topic: Ranking in order of increasing reducing power
- Replies: 6
- Views: 1670
Re: Ranking in order of increasing reducing power
You would rank them according to decreasing standard reduction potential (+ --> -). This is because the lower the reduction potential, the stronger the oxidation potential therefore when finding the element with the strongest reducing power we want the element with the highest reduction potential wh...
- Sun Mar 10, 2019 3:33 pm
- Forum: First Order Reactions
- Topic: Half Life for First Order
- Replies: 3
- Views: 436
Re: Half Life for First Order
The integrated rate law of a first order reaction is ln[A] = -kt + ln[A]o. In order to determine the half life of a first order reaction, we set ln[A] = ln[0.5A]o and solve for t. Overall we get the unsimplified version: (ln[0.5A]o - ln[A]o)/-k = t. According to log rules when you subtract 2 logs, y...
- Sat Mar 02, 2019 9:13 pm
- Forum: General Rate Laws
- Topic: Point of equilibrium
- Replies: 5
- Views: 518
Re: Point of equilibrium
When looking at a graph, equilibrium is reached when the reactants and products in question stabilize to a horizontal line. It essentially means that the the rate between the reactants and products are equal.
- Sat Mar 02, 2019 9:09 pm
- Forum: Galvanic/Voltaic Cells, Calculating Standard Cell Potentials, Cell Diagrams
- Topic: Cell diagrams and solids
- Replies: 9
- Views: 1024
Re: Cell diagrams and solids
So if there is a solid in the reaction then you don't include Pt at the end? If the elements undergoing redox reactions are present in solid form (electrodes composed of those elements), then a conducting solid such as platinum is not needed however if if they are not in solid form, rather in a gas...
- Sat Mar 02, 2019 9:00 pm
- Forum: Work, Gibbs Free Energy, Cell (Redox) Potentials
- Topic: Element's potentials
- Replies: 5
- Views: 655
Re: Element's potentials
To break this down, an element that has a strong reducing ability is essentially the same as the reducing reagent, the element responsible for reducing another element in a redox reaction, and to determine between a group of elements in order of increasing reducing ability, we must determine which e...
- Sun Feb 17, 2019 4:20 pm
- Forum: Reaction Enthalpies (e.g., Using Hess’s Law, Bond Enthalpies, Standard Enthalpies of Formation)
- Topic: Bond Enthalpies
- Replies: 8
- Views: 887
Re: Bond Enthalpies
You are correct, we use this convention because all bond enthalpies given are positive and when bonds are broken, energy is required into the system therefore the H is positive and when bonds are formed, energy is released therefore H is negative so a negative sign is placed in front of the sum of b...
- Sun Feb 17, 2019 4:09 pm
- Forum: Gibbs Free Energy Concepts and Calculations
- Topic: Gibbs Free Energy Definition
- Replies: 4
- Views: 444
Re: Gibbs Free Energy Definition
Gibbs free energy refers to the amount of energy from a chemical reaction that can be used to do work.
- Sun Feb 17, 2019 4:04 pm
- Forum: Thermodynamic Systems (Open, Closed, Isolated)
- Topic: state functions and properties
- Replies: 11
- Views: 6048
Re: state functions and properties
A state function is a property whose value does not depend on the path taken to reach a specific value. For the sake of this class, pressure, density, temperature, volume, enthalpy, internal energy, Gibb's free energy, and entropy are state functions.
- Sun Feb 10, 2019 8:37 pm
- Forum: Calculating Work of Expansion
- Topic: Units
- Replies: 7
- Views: 723
Re: Units
Best bet is to use atm for pressure but I'm sure the equation sheet will give us conversions between different pressure values.
- Sun Feb 10, 2019 8:34 pm
- Forum: Calculating Work of Expansion
- Topic: work equations
- Replies: 4
- Views: 489
Re: work equations
To add on, you use the equation, w = -nRT ln V2/V1, to calculate the total amount of work as the pressure equalizes at infinitesimally small intervals (it sums up the maximum amount of work that is able to be done). On the other hand, we use w = - P ∆V when dealing with irreversible/sudden expansion...
- Sun Feb 10, 2019 8:26 pm
- Forum: Calculating Work of Expansion
- Topic: Reversible vs Irreversible
- Replies: 9
- Views: 842
Re: Reversible vs Irreversible
So which one does more work? I think it would be reversible bc of the curve, but I'm not entirely sure why Reversible isothermal expansion would do more work because it calculates the amount of work done over the courses of the entire expansion, summing the work done at infinitesimally small interv...
- Sun Feb 03, 2019 3:01 pm
- Forum: Entropy Changes Due to Changes in Volume and Temperature
- Topic: Gas vs solid
- Replies: 5
- Views: 522
Re: Gas vs solid
Is this why delta U = delta H in biological systems since reactions in biological systems take place in liquids? The reason why delta U = delta H in biological systems is because these reactions usually occur in aqueous solutions, which unlike gas is unable to expand or compress to perform work. Th...
- Sun Feb 03, 2019 2:47 pm
- Forum: Reaction Enthalpies (e.g., Using Hess’s Law, Bond Enthalpies, Standard Enthalpies of Formation)
- Topic: kJ v. kJ/mol
- Replies: 3
- Views: 567
Re: kJ v. kJ/mol
When dealing with the singular unit kJ, we typically refer to the amount of energy that is involved in the system, whether it be the formation of products, reactants, or the total amount of energy that was released or absorbed based on the amount of substance in the reaction. On the other hand, kJ/m...
- Sun Feb 03, 2019 2:34 pm
- Forum: Reaction Enthalpies (e.g., Using Hess’s Law, Bond Enthalpies, Standard Enthalpies of Formation)
- Topic: Hess's Law vs. Rxn Enthalpies
- Replies: 2
- Views: 492
Re: Hess's Law vs. Rxn Enthalpies
You use Hess's law when adding the enthalpy of reactions for two or more reactions are given, with certain compounds able to be replaced in between the two reactions. A + B --> C plus C + D --> E: the compound C is used and created in both situations. On the other hand enthalpy of formation is used ...
- Sun Jan 27, 2019 8:19 pm
- Forum: Equilibrium Constants & Calculating Concentrations
- Topic: What not to count
- Replies: 9
- Views: 933
Re: What not to count
In general you disregard any ions from the 1st group, 2nd group, and the halogens which act as spectator ions. Others such as compounds in the form of solids and liquids are also ignored.
- Sun Jan 27, 2019 8:15 pm
- Forum: Ideal Gases
- Topic: Calculating partial pressure
- Replies: 4
- Views: 413
Re: Calculating partial pressure
In this case you'll need the values for volume (V) and moles (n) of the particular gas you are examining.
- Sun Jan 27, 2019 8:04 pm
- Forum: Applying Le Chatelier's Principle to Changes in Chemical & Physical Conditions
- Topic: Variables affecting pH
- Replies: 2
- Views: 257
Re: Variables affecting pH
Any salt compounds that disassociate into an ion from the 1st, 2nd, and halogen groups, do not impact the pH of the system because their charges are not strong enough to break the bonds of water (its charge localizes the electrons away or towards the ions thus releasing OH- or H+). These ions act as...
- Mon Jan 21, 2019 12:54 am
- Forum: Non-Equilibrium Conditions & The Reaction Quotient
- Topic: pKa and pKb
- Replies: 3
- Views: 815
Re: pKa and pKb
The pKa/pKb have no direct relation to the actual pH of a solution, however you use the values pKa and pKb to determine the hydronium and hydroxide ions of their respective reaction and use those values to determine the pH.
- Mon Jan 21, 2019 12:41 am
- Forum: Equilibrium Constants & Calculating Concentrations
- Topic: Is it an acid or a base?
- Replies: 8
- Views: 718
Re: Is it an acid or a base?
By the brosted-lowry model, a molecule is an acid if it denotes a proton and produces hydronium ions after reacting with water, and a molecule is a base if it takes a proton to produce a hydroxide ion after reacting with water. Generally if a molecule has a nitrogen atom, it's lone pair can attract ...
- Mon Jan 21, 2019 12:33 am
- Forum: Applying Le Chatelier's Principle to Changes in Chemical & Physical Conditions
- Topic: Inert gas effect on Equilibrium constant
- Replies: 4
- Views: 1051
Re: Inert gas effect on Equilibrium constant
The reason inert gases don't affect the equilibrium of a reaction is because it has no affect on the pressure due to the law of gases regarding the volume of gas particles are negligible.
- Mon Jan 21, 2019 12:28 am
- Forum: Non-Equilibrium Conditions & The Reaction Quotient
- Topic: Removing products
- Replies: 10
- Views: 3942
Re: Removing products
When removing chemicals from either side of a reaction, the the equilibrium quotient will change however not the equilibrium constant. The products and reactants would reach the equilibrium level after sometime but the final concentrations from each side will be different than when you started. Addi...
- Sun Jan 13, 2019 4:16 pm
- Forum: Non-Equilibrium Conditions & The Reaction Quotient
- Topic: reaction quotient [ENDORSED]
- Replies: 4
- Views: 551
Re: reaction quotient [ENDORSED]
When calculating the reaction quotient you are evaluating the reaction at some time that is not at equilibrium and you use the value to determine its relativity to reaching equilibrium. In the case where Q < K, there are more reactants compared to the reaction at equilibrium, therefore more products...
- Sun Jan 13, 2019 4:08 pm
- Forum: Ideal Gases
- Topic: When is pv=nrt used? [ENDORSED]
- Replies: 5
- Views: 562
Re: When is pv=nrt used? [ENDORSED]
You would use the ideal gas law if the question gave you a both concentration and pressure values which you would use to convert all the values to either concentration or pressure to solve for the equilibrium constant.
- Sun Jan 13, 2019 3:18 pm
- Forum: Applying Le Chatelier's Principle to Changes in Chemical & Physical Conditions
- Topic: Result of Only Adding One of the Reactants
- Replies: 4
- Views: 622
Re: Result of Only Adding One of the Reactants
By adding more NH3 to the chemical reaction, you increase the concentration of the that particular chemical on the reactants side which gives an Q constant that is lower than the equilibrium constant, Kc. This will result with the forward reaction being favored as more product will be formed until t...
- Sun Dec 02, 2018 8:59 pm
- Forum: Hybridization
- Topic: Hybridization Application
- Replies: 2
- Views: 303
Re: Hybridization Application
I'm not sure if this is what you mean but hybridization formulas (sp, sp2, sp3, etc.) denote regions of electron density and depending on how many electrons are in the hybridized orbitals (paired or unpaired) it would inform you whether or not the atom can have a certain amount of bonds.
- Sun Dec 02, 2018 8:50 pm
- Forum: Determining Molecular Shape (VSEPR)
- Topic: Molecular shape in relation to polarity and boiling point
- Replies: 5
- Views: 2511
Re: Molecular shape in relation to polarity and boiling point
Polar molecules that can form strong intermolecular bonds, i.e. dipole-dipole/hydrogen bonds, or dipole-induced dipole bonds, tend to have higher boiling points and depending on the polar end of the molecule, it would determine the relative strength between the two molecules. On the other hand, nonp...
- Sun Dec 02, 2018 7:05 pm
- Forum: Bronsted Acids & Bases
- Topic: Bronsted vs Lewis
- Replies: 4
- Views: 487
Re: Bronsted vs Lewis
A bronsted acid is a proton donor and a lewis acid is an electron acceptor. A bronsted base a proton acceptor and a lewis base is an electron donor.
- Sun Nov 25, 2018 8:07 pm
- Forum: Hybridization
- Topic: Hybridization and molecular shape
- Replies: 3
- Views: 372
Re: Hybridization and molecular shape
What Dr. Lavelle was referring to in class were that pi bonds are formed by the overlap of electron densities that are perpendicular to the sigma bond. Because of their orientation, they are extremely limited in their movement unable to rotate like a single sigma bond. Due to this it results in diff...
- Sun Nov 25, 2018 7:53 pm
- Forum: Bond Lengths & Energies
- Topic: Isolobal Principle
- Replies: 1
- Views: 456
Re: Isolobal Principle
The isolobal principle states that an element or group of elements with similar shape, symmetry and radial extent; with approximately the same energy; and with the same number of electrons available for cluster bonding is able to replace another. In the case of benzene, the C-H can be replaced by N ...
- Sun Nov 25, 2018 7:39 pm
- Forum: *Molecular Orbital Theory (Bond Order, Diamagnetism, Paramagnetism)
- Topic: Electron density
- Replies: 3
- Views: 664
Re: Electron density
The number of hybrid orbitals equals the number of electron densities that result from bonded and lone pair electrons.
- Sun Nov 18, 2018 5:34 pm
- Forum: Determining Molecular Shape (VSEPR)
- Topic: molecular shape and bond angles
- Replies: 3
- Views: 392
Re: molecular shape and bond angles
I believe we need to know more or less the bond angles for most shapes, but not the actual values of particular molecules. Here is a image of the ideal bond angles of different shapes:
- Sun Nov 18, 2018 5:01 pm
- Forum: Determining Molecular Shape (VSEPR)
- Topic: Lone Pairs
- Replies: 8
- Views: 2753
Re: Lone Pairs
As a common trend, the strength of repulsion follows: one lone pair > lone bonding pair > bonding bonding pair, with the strongest repulsion resulting in greater bond angles.
- Sun Nov 18, 2018 4:51 pm
- Forum: Determining Molecular Shape (VSEPR)
- Topic: bond angle and bond strength
- Replies: 4
- Views: 827
Re: bond angle and bond strength
As mentioned previously, bond length will have no effect on bond angle rather it's the types of bond present that affect shape and angle. As a rule of thumb, repulsion strength follows as Lone lone pair > lone bonding pair > bonding bonding pair, with the greater the repulsion strength giving the gr...
- Sun Nov 11, 2018 8:53 pm
- Forum: Polarisability of Anions, The Polarizing Power of Cations
- Topic: Polarization
- Replies: 1
- Views: 270
Re: Polarization
Polarization is the measure of how easily an electron cloud is distorted by an electric field with an electric field being an external source such as an electrode or a charged particle (cation and anion) or a partially charged particle (polar molecules). I don't think we need to know how to measure ...
- Sun Nov 11, 2018 8:45 pm
- Forum: Bond Lengths & Energies
- Topic: Determine bond length
- Replies: 3
- Views: 474
Re: Determine bond length
In order to determine the exact bond length between atoms, additional information must be given however it is possible to determine the relative lengths by comparing types of bonds. By convention the lesser amount of bonds (single bonds) equates to a longer bond length and the greater amount of bond...
- Sun Nov 11, 2018 6:47 pm
- Forum: Polarisability of Anions, The Polarizing Power of Cations
- Topic: Disperson forces
- Replies: 4
- Views: 651
Re: Disperson forces
Dispersion forces are synonymous with the term dipole-induced dipole-induced interactions, which as the name suggests deals with the polarzability of an atom. In the case of Cl2 and F2, both molecules have a significantly smaller atomic radius and have less electrons compared to Br2 which indicates ...
- Sun Nov 04, 2018 3:09 pm
- Forum: Lewis Structures
- Topic: Lewis Structures for the Midterm
- Replies: 1
- Views: 147
Re: Lewis Structures for the Midterm
I believe so. I went to Amir's review session on friday and he said that organic molecules may be on the test. I don't believe molecules as complex as glycine will be tested though.
- Sun Nov 04, 2018 2:55 pm
- Forum: Formal Charge and Oxidation Numbers
- Topic: Why does PCl5 break the Octet Rule?
- Replies: 8
- Views: 7158
Re: Why does PCl5 break the Octet Rule?
Phosphorus can form an expanded octet with 5 bonds due to the fact that it exists in the 3rd period, giving it access to the d-orbitals associated in the 3rd shell (3d).
- Sun Nov 04, 2018 2:52 pm
- Forum: Electronegativity
- Topic: Electron Affinity vs. Ionization Energy
- Replies: 8
- Views: 848
Re: Electron Affinity vs. Ionization Energy
Ionization energy is the energy required to eject an electron from an element, which increases across a period because the distance and force between proton and electron become greater. Electron affinity is the energy given off when a neutral atom in the gas phase gains an extra electron to form a n...
- Sun Oct 28, 2018 6:39 pm
- Forum: Wave Functions and s-, p-, d-, f- Orbitals
- Topic: Subshells/Orbitals
- Replies: 5
- Views: 539
Re: Subshells/Orbitals
Here's an image of the f-orbitals. As previously mentioned I don't think you'll need to know what they are, just know that they have 7.
- Sun Oct 28, 2018 6:34 pm
- Forum: Wave Functions and s-, p-, d-, f- Orbitals
- Topic: Question 2.33 (Sixth Edition)
- Replies: 2
- Views: 973
Re: Question 2.33 (Sixth Edition)
(a) As shell level increases, the energy level of electrons also increase (linear relationship) (b) The value of n directly correlates to the shell level therefore an increase from 1 to 2 would increases the value of n from 1 to 2. (c) The value of l would increase because the electron moves from th...
- Sun Oct 28, 2018 6:27 pm
- Forum: Electron Configurations for Multi-Electron Atoms
- Topic: Noble Gases
- Replies: 3
- Views: 354
Re: Noble Gases
You use the previous noble gas as the short hand and follow the standard rules for electron configuration. Ex) Electron Configuration for Argon = [Ne] 3s^2 3p^6
- Sun Oct 21, 2018 9:15 pm
- Forum: Wave Functions and s-, p-, d-, f- Orbitals
- Topic: Hw Question 2.25
- Replies: 1
- Views: 316
Hw Question 2.25
How many electrons can occupy the (a) 4p-orbitals;
(b) 3d-orbitals; (c) 1s-orbital; (d) 4f-orbitals of an atom?
(b) 3d-orbitals; (c) 1s-orbital; (d) 4f-orbitals of an atom?
- Sun Oct 21, 2018 6:56 pm
- Forum: Bohr Frequency Condition, H-Atom , Atomic Spectroscopy
- Topic: Deriving Rydberg's Equation
- Replies: 2
- Views: 327
Deriving Rydberg's Equation
How do you derive E = Rh (1/nf^2 – 1/ni^2) from v = R (1/nf^2 – 1/ni^2)?
- Sun Oct 21, 2018 6:49 pm
- Forum: Bohr Frequency Condition, H-Atom , Atomic Spectroscopy
- Topic: Rydberg's Equation
- Replies: 1
- Views: 708
Re: Rydberg's Equation
Since it is 1/nf^2 – 1/ni^2, the resulting energy value is positive if nf is the smaller value. Since delta E represents the change of energy, which tends to be a positive value, nf needs to be the smaller primary quantum number in order to satisfy that condition.
- Sun Oct 14, 2018 4:28 pm
- Forum: Properties of Light
- Topic: Speed of Light
- Replies: 41
- Views: 2899
Re: Speed of Light
Just wanted to add that the speed of light is constant throughout the entire electromagnetic spectrum (~3.00 * 10^8 m/s)
- Sun Oct 14, 2018 4:23 pm
- Forum: SI Units, Unit Conversions
- Topic: Scientific Notation
- Replies: 7
- Views: 668
Re: Scientific Notation
You should generally convert your answers to scientific notation when 1) dealing with large numbers, 2) dealing with small numbers, or 3) to indicate significant figures with zeros (i.e. 5600 with 4 sig figs: 5.600 * 10^3)
- Sun Oct 14, 2018 4:06 pm
- Forum: Photoelectric Effect
- Topic: Purpose of the Photoelectric Effect
- Replies: 4
- Views: 292
Re: Purpose of the Photoelectric Effect
The photoelectric effect also shows a difference between the quantum and mechanical models of waves. In the macro world, an increase in energy would result in an increase in amplitude whereas in the quantum world an increase in energy would result in an increase in frequency.
- Sun Oct 07, 2018 12:03 pm
- Forum: Balancing Chemical Reactions
- Topic: Balancing reactions tips
- Replies: 29
- Views: 2208
Re: Balancing reactions tips
I typically balance equations starting off with elements that has the least amount of atoms, and then begin balancing the rest in order of least to most. When dealing with combustion, I again begin with the element with the smallest amount (C, N, etc.) and work my way to H and then O. I keep an eye ...
- Sun Oct 07, 2018 11:49 am
- Forum: Molarity, Solutions, Dilutions
- Topic: Dilutions Problems
- Replies: 3
- Views: 255
Re: Dilutions Problems
@isarose00 When Na2CO3 dissociates in water the balanced equation is: Na2CO3 --> 2Na^+ + CO3^2-, thus showing that it takes 2 moles of sodium ions to produce one mole of sodium carbonate, hence the division by 2.
- Sun Oct 07, 2018 11:37 am
- Forum: Significant Figures
- Topic: Rounding Using Significant Figures
- Replies: 10
- Views: 1569
Re: Rounding Using Significant Figures
When rounding with sig figs, there are generally two rules two follow: one dealing with multiplication and subtraction and the other with multiplication and division. In the first scenario, when you multiply or divide any two values, the final answer in sig figs will equal the least accurate amount ...