CHEMISTRY COMMUNITY

George Ghaly 2L

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George Ghaly 2L

Only everything before the intermediate being formed contributes to the rate law so if it comes after the slow step it is not really accounted for.

George Ghaly 2L

the steady step is never used in this class according to Dr. Lavelle since it requires too much math.

George Ghaly 2L

k is a specific for a certain temperature, so if the reaction takes place at the specified temperature then the k would be the same.

George Ghaly 2L

The graph posted above is a great tool to use in order to understand the order of reactions.

George Ghaly 2L

Temoerature and the addition of enzymes would affect the rate constant, as temperature plays a significant role when determining chemical reaction rates.

George Ghaly 2L

The electrons can not be conducted by themselves therefore an inert solid like Platinum could be used to transfer the electrons over to the other side.

George Ghaly 2L

We use platinum because It is highly inert and is great conductor therefore it is used when there are no present solids

George Ghaly 2L

the probability of this test being curved is very unlikely since the class itself is not curved.

George Ghaly 2L

The higher the reduction potential the easier it is for a species to be reduced and the lower the reduction potential the easier it is foe a species to be oxidized.

George Ghaly 2L

The more positive a reduction potential is the easier it is for it to be reduced, and vice versa for an element to be oxidized. Therefore a lower reduction potential would make the best reducing agent.

George Ghaly 2L

Both are balanced by adding water molecules to a the reactants or products, but for acidic reactions, they are balanced with H^+ while basic reactions are balanced by adding hydroxides to a side.

George Ghaly 2L

Gibbs free energy is the total amount o energy available to preform work as not all the energy of the system can be converted to work since it is impossible to fully convert energy to work as some energy would be lost through other means.

George Ghaly 2L

A change In enthalpy alone cannot determine the spontaneous nature of a system as the entropy of the system and the temperature the reaction is taking place at are also needed to determine the spontaneity of a reaction.

George Ghaly 2L

The units for delta G happen to be the same for enthalpy which are J, Kj, KJ/mol, J/mol.

George Ghaly 2L

Gibbs free energy is the amount of energy available that can be used to preform work with entropy measures the disorder of the system. Gibbs free energy is so important because it allows us to determine if a reaction would proceed by itself to form products which is crucial under standard temp and p...

George Ghaly 2L

Yes a negative value resulting from the Gibbs free energy equation means that the reactants will make products spontaneously.

George Ghaly 2L

The simplest way to put it is that in an open system heat and material can be exchanged, in a closed system only heat can be exchanged with the surroundings, but in an isolated system nothing can be exchanged with the surroundings.

George Ghaly 2L

At standard pressure, the pressure equals 1 atm, but unless otherwise specified it can be different.

George Ghaly 2L

Delta H represent the heat that changed in reaction, while q represents the heat.

George Ghaly 2L

Yes, the integral just implies that a very small volume is being changed at every instant therefore it all can be summed up with an integral, while if the change of volume is large and sudden ten delta v can just be used.

George Ghaly 2L

q just refers to heat while delta h refers to the change of heat within a specific reaction under standard and constant pressure

George Ghaly 2L

It all depends on the initial information given in the problem, there is no true best way to solve this questions but some options are better for certain types of questions.

George Ghaly 2L

State properties do not depend on the path that is taken to achieve the current state while properties such as work and heat do depend on which pathway is taken.

George Ghaly 2L

When a molecule is at its basic state(elemental form including diatomic atoms) the standard enthalpy of formation is 0

George Ghaly 2L

They mean the same thing, one is just referring to the initial delta H.

George Ghaly 2L

The enthalpy change is positive when a reaction gains heat (endothermic reaction) and is negative when the reactants release energy to the universe (exothermic reactions)

George Ghaly 2L

Heat Capacity is the energy required to raise the temp by one degree Celsius while the molar heat capacity is the energy required to raise the temperature of one mole of substance by one degree celsius.

George Ghaly 2L

Inert gases are excluded from the equilibrium expression because they do not change the equilibrium concentration nor presser of the aqueous or gaseous species.

George Ghaly 2L

When dealing with weak acids or bases, the 5% rule can be applied to neglect the change of the reactants towards the products in order to make calculating the change significantly easier without use of the quadratic formula.

George Ghaly 2L

If the reaction is endothermic then increasing the heat would favor an equilibrium sitting to towards the product. Decreasing the heat would favor an equilibrium sitting towards the reactants. For exothermic the process is reversed as expected.

George Ghaly 2L

In very simple terms the conjugate seesaw basically states that the stronger the base or acid is, the weaker its conjugate acid or base is.

George Ghaly 2L

As mentioned in 14A, Group 1 mentally and group 17 halogens do not affect the pH of a solution at all. On the other hand group two metals slightly change the pH but not by a drastic amount.

George Ghaly 2L

While at equilibrium only aqueous and liquid species are represented in the equilibrium expression as they are the only species can change the concentrations.

George Ghaly 2L

Most equilibrium expressions will be given at 25 C or 298K, but this is not mandatory as equilibrium can occur at any given temperature depending on the species.

George Ghaly 2L

Strong acids and bases can also be recognized by their percent dissociation. Strong bases and acids fully dissociate while weak ones hardly do.

George Ghaly 2L

Since water is a pour solvent in can be left out of the ice table when calculating equilibrium concentrations since it is in excess.

George Ghaly 2L

The strength of an acid is all in relation to how easily the Hydrogen proton can separate from the compound, in this case, it is easier for formic acid to lose a hydrogen proton.

George Ghaly 2L

Due to it's neutral pH, water can be considered as either a base or an acid. It could gain a proton and become hydronium or lose a proton and become hydroxide.

George Ghaly 2L

Bases have the unique ability of dissolving acids, therefore when they interact with our oily skin, a slippery feel is produced.

George Ghaly 2L

The bond length between the Hydrogen and Flourine atom is very small due to FLourine's high electronegativity, therefore it is harder for the Hydrogen ion to dissociate.

George Ghaly 2L

They are completely different atomic orbitals are the electrons surrounding an atom, while hybridization refers to the mixing of different orbitals to form a mixture of bonds.

George Ghaly 2L

the best way of identifying molecular shapes is by memorizing the designated shape according to how many species and lone pairs there are

George Ghaly 2L

Yes lone pairs play a very important role in hybridization as they determine what energy levels are hybridized, therefore lone pairs must be accounted for since they allow for the correct hybridized species to be identified.

George Ghaly 2L

The main difference between sigma and pi bonds is that sigma bonds consist of one bond, while pi bonds consist of 2 bonds. Another difference between these two bonds is that sigma bonds allow for rotation while sigma bonds do not allow for any movement.

George Ghaly 2L

Dipole-dipole forces occur when their a great difference between the electronegativity of two atoms. When determining the dipole forces it is important to consider if they cancel or not because then polarity can be inferred.

George Ghaly 2L

Each molecular shape has its own respective bond angles, the easiest way to figure out these angles is just by memorizing them.

George Ghaly 2L

Yes, Dr. Lavelle goes into great detail about this phenomenon as lone electrons repel atoms away.

George Ghaly 2L

London Forces are the weakest forms of bonds created by instances moments of ionization, therefore bond length does not necessarily matter when discussing these bonds as their potential energy Is more influenced on the type of bond rather than distance.

George Ghaly 2L

The size of an atom is determined by its atomic number, as the higher the atomic number gets the more protons are located in the nucleus and more electrons in the electron sphere thus making the atom larger. They all have something to do with the size of an atom

George Ghaly 2L

Dipole moments occur instanously as electrons are pulled or pushed away by the electronegativity of the neighboring atom. These interactions are instances and last for a short period of time as electrons are continuously being pulled or pushed away. These instaneous shifts of electrons creates posit...

George Ghaly 2L

Non metals generally do not become cations because they have a very high electron affinity therefore their ionization energies would be very high making it unlikely for them to lose an electron.

George Ghaly 2L

Yes! Instead of one electron coming from each atom, a coordinate covalent bond uses two electrons that come from the same atom.

George Ghaly 2L

Formal charge has to be considered when drawing lewis structures as it will help you figure out if there is a double bond or not while trying to figure out the most stable form of the compound.

George Ghaly 2L

Shielding protects the outer electrons from the pull of the nucleus through the inner electrons absorbing the pull.

George Ghaly 2L

As far as degeneracy is concerned it is important to know that electrons in the same hydrogen atom have the same energy level. However, multi electron systems are not degenerate as with different sub shells there are different energies.

George Ghaly 2L

De Brogile equation is used for any object with moment and wavelength, so in reality it could be applied to almost all scenarios although it would be pointless if it used on an object with a large wavelength.

George Ghaly 2L

In regards to energy, the Lyman and Balmer series allow us to infer where the electron returns back to ground state. In the Lyman series, n=1 so the electron would lose energy and return to the first energy level. On the other hand, when using the Balmer series, we can infer that the electron return...

George Ghaly 2L

To solve this question, you must calculate the total amount of energy released (32W x 2s)=64J and then consider the energy released by one photon with a wavelength 420nm, then divide the total energy/the energy of one photon. This will result in the correct answer. Also consider the appropriate SI u...

George Ghaly 2L

When considering the release of energy, it is important to remember that energy can not be created nor destroyed, only transferred. With this in mind, the energy released from an excited electron does not disappear, but instead is released into the universe thus conserving the total energy from the ...

George Ghaly 2L

The threshold value needed to remove an electron can be treated like any other requirement needed before an action can occur. A particle needs to have a minimum amount (varying on the type of substance) of energy in order for an electron to be ejected. Taking this into consideration, if we know how ...

George Ghaly 2L

The main difference between the two series is the quantum levels they encompass. The Lyman series includes quantum level one which is why ultraviolet radiation is observed within this series(the leap from n=1 to n=2 realeses more energy than any other quantum jump that is why the radiation is uv.) O...

George Ghaly 2L

Longer wavelengths have less energy than shorter wavelengths due the energy = hc/wavelength formula that denotes that if the wavelength increases, then the energy of the particle will decrease which establishes a negative correlation. In conclusion, shorter wavelengths shoot out electrons compared t...

George Ghaly 2L

This is as simple as it gets: mass can not be created and mass cannot be destroyed. There will always be the same amount mass before and after a chemical reaction since mass cannot be created nor destroyed.

George Ghaly 2L

The full value of molar mass can be used to calculate whatever needs to be calculated, but the least amount of sig figs must be used when determining the final answer, as it would be inaccurate to have an answer that is more than the initial significant figures there given.

George Ghaly 2L

Both g/mol and gmol^-1 represent grams divided by moles while the latter just uses textbook notation in order to represent that grams is being divided by moles in a more comprehensive way. Feel free to use either or as they both represent the same thing.

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