CHEMISTRY COMMUNITY

Connie Chen 1E

No, remember that to find the change in gibbs free energy, you need the cell potential. You calculate the cell potential through the equation E = E˚ - (RT/nF) lnQ. This equation incorporates your standard cell potential value but it is not the only value that determines the cell potential. Then you...

Connie Chen 1E

The slow step can be thought of as a funnel. Water can only flow through as fast as the neck of the funnel allows. Similarly, a reaction can only occur as quickly as the slow step proceeds. Therefore, it can also be thought of as the rate determining step. The fast steps are much faster than the slo...

Connie Chen 1E

The slow step of a reaction can also be determined experimentally as the textbook does mention that some techniques such as the stopped-flow technique or spectrometry can be used to measure the rate of fast reactions.

Connie Chen 1E

q = delta H when pressure is kept constant.

Connie Chen 1E

To add on, the units of activation energy are joules per mole since this cancels out with the constant R.

Connie Chen 1E

The Q value should be [Mn²⁺]²[Cl₂]⁵/[H+]¹⁶[MnO4^-]²[Cl^-]¹⁰. When simplified, you should get 1*10⁶⁶/[Cl^-]¹⁰. So you should divide 1*10⁶⁶ by 1*10⁷⁶.

Connie Chen 1E

If you look at the standard cell potentials for the half reactions, you'll see that Al³⁺ + 3e- --> Al has a E^o of -1.66 V and O₂ + 2 H₂O + 4 e- --> 4 OH^- has a E^o of 0.40 V. So you know that Al has to be the anode and O2 has to be the cathode.

Connie Chen 1E

Halving the mass of an electrode will not affect the cell potential because cell potential is an intensive property, meaning it is not affected by the quantity of a species present.

Connie Chen 1E

The electrode is a metallic conductor that is in contact with an electrolyte solution. This allows electrons to flow between the cathode and the anode so that the reaction can proceed. Platinum is sometimes used as an electrode because in reactions that only occur with aqueous species, there is no s...

Connie Chen 1E

A negative standard cell potential means that the reduction of that species is not spontaneous. This means that it is spontaneous when oxidized. Cell potential of a galvanic cell should be positive because this means that the reaction is spontaneous and does not need any external sources for the rea...

Connie Chen 1E

As mentioned before, Ecell=Ecathode-Eanode.
But since the voltage is negative, we know that copper is actually supposed to be oxidized; it was placed on the wrong side. Since E standard for copper is +0.34 V and E cell is -0.689 V, -0.689 V= Ecathode - 0.34 V. We solve and get -0.349 V.

Connie Chen 1E

When you galvanize a metal, you coat it in zinc because zinc is a stronger reducing agent than other metals such as iron. As a result, when there is a scratch and the metal under the zinc is exposed, the zinc oxidizes instead of the metal underneath, protecting the metal underneath from corrosion.

Connie Chen 1E

In the textbook, it mentions that the cell potential is still widely called the electromotive force, but since it isn't actually a force, the term is becoming obsolete.

Connie Chen 1E

When Ecell equals zero the reaction has reached equilibrium. This means that E(cathode) is equal to E(anode) and there is no electron flow, meaning the battery has died out.

Connie Chen 1E

Salt bridges do not provide electrons, they maintain charge balance by transferring ions so that the electrical circuit is completed and the reaction will not stop due to charge buildup. The ions are typically chosen so that they do not affect the reaction. Usually, the cation goes toward the cathod...

Connie Chen 1E

A salt bridge will allow ion transfer without charge buildup (which stops electron transfer from one reaction beaker to another) because it allows the two solutions to stay neutral.

Connie Chen 1E

We cannot measure the electron transfer of one cell. Therefore, we compare the electron transfer of all cells (half reactions) with respect to the standard hydrogen electrode.

Connie Chen 1E

E is an intensive property because the voltage difference is the same and does not depend on how many times the reaction occurs. As a result, E will not change even when you multiply the reaction by a coefficient.

Connie Chen 1E

The basic structure of a cell diagram is (left) anode || (right) cathode, where || represents a salt bridge. You want to put the substance being oxidized on the left and and the substance being reduced on the right so that the voltage is positive. Within the left or right side, you want to write out...

Connie Chen 1E

At different temperatures, delta G changes, which means that you cannot use the standard Gibbs free energy values at 100 degrees C, as those are only the values at 25 degrees C. This means in order to find the delta G at a different temperature, you would need to use the equation that relates delta ...

Connie Chen 1E

A standard quality is like a reference point. Essentially, it is a measurement under certain conditions, like how standard enthalpy is measured at 25 degrees C and 1 atm pressure. You use standard values when an equation specifies it.

Connie Chen 1E

An ideal gas is an approximation of gases that helps to model how they behave. By definition, ideal gas molecules do not attract or repel each other and the molecules themselves take up zero volume.

Connie Chen 1E

You generally include gases and aqueous solutions and exclude solids and liquids in the calculation of K. This is because solids and liquids are usually present in excess so a change to its concentration results in a negligible change.

Connie Chen 1E

The standard enthalpy of formation of elements in their standard state (such as O2 (g) or C (s)) is zero.

Connie Chen 1E

Leslie Almaraz 4G wrote:Is irreversible always sudden?

Generally, irreversible expansions are quicker than reversible ones because they do not have be changed by an infinitesimally small amount at a time. However, this doesn't always mean that they are very sudden.

Connie Chen 1E

You know that reaction B is spontaneous everywhere because Δ H is calculated to be negative and Δ S is calculated to be positive. By using the Gibbs free energy formula, Δ G = Δ H − T Δ S, we will get a negative number minus a positive number for any temperature, which will only result in negative a...

Connie Chen 1E

To add on, heat capacities vary depending on molecular properties. So depending on the type of molecule (i.e. monatomic gas or linear molecule), there will be different properties to account for and thus different ratios to use, as derived through various formulas.

Connie Chen 1E

There are 12 orientations because in a cis- isomer, the X's must be adjacent to each other, or 90 degrees from each other in this case. With the octahedral cis-MX2Y4, there are 12 different ways for the two X's to be next to each other.

Connie Chen 1E

The third law of thermodynamics states that as a system's temperature approaches absolute zero (0 K), the entropy of the system becomes 0. This is important because it implies that there is an absolute scale for entropy. It also allows us to assume that S=k B ln(w)=0 if a system can be prepared in o...

Connie Chen 1E

1 L*atm is equal to 101.325 J. This conversion is on the constants and equations sheet.

Connie Chen 1E

Internal energy is the total store of energy in a system. When you burn fuel, that energy is released, so the final internal energy of the system will be less than the initial, resulting in a negative delta U.

Connie Chen 1E

AKatukota wrote:So for the first one, why does the volume remain 1.20L?

The volume doesn't remain 1.20L, it expands an additional 1.20L.

Connie Chen 1E

Enthalpy is a state property, meaning that it is not dependent on the path taken to obtain that state, and state properties can be added or subtracted.

Connie Chen 1E

Only the bond enthalpies of diatomic molecules are accurate. All other bond enthalpies are calculated from averages of many different molecules, which results in less accurate calculations.

Connie Chen 1E

Delta H refers to the total heat in a system whereas q is the heat that is being transferred. Delta H is equal to q when the pressure is constant, but if the pressure changes, then they are not the same.

Connie Chen 1E

Using the densities, we can calculate the volume taken up by water. Since there are 100. g of water and the density is 1.00g/cm 3 , we can divide 100. g by 1.00g/cm 3 to find that we have 100. cm 3 water, which is equal to 100. mL. We can do the same for when it is ice. We still have 100. g, but thi...

Connie Chen 1E

To add on, pH can change depending the concentration of an acid in a reaction, whereas pKa does not change based on concentration because it is the -log of an equilibrium constant.

Connie Chen 1E

I believe q_p is the heat energy at a constant pressure, and when there is a constant pressure, q_p=delta H.

Connie Chen 1E

To add on, often times a reaction is irreversible because the reverse reaction has too high of an activation energy or energy barrier to overcome, so it is not easy for the reaction to proceed in the reverse direction.

Connie Chen 1E

In water, AlCl₃ dissociates, and Al³⁺ acts as an acid and takes the form Al(H₂O)₆³⁺, as shown in the table 6D.1. In this reaction, Al(H₂O)₆³⁺ will donate an H+ because it is acting as an acid, which results in H₃O⁺ and Al(H₂O)₅OH²⁺.

Connie Chen 1E

You could use an ICE table to solve this problem. You know that the equilibrium concentration of BrCl is 3.36 x 10 -5 . You also know that the change from its initial concentration is -2x. We also know that 1.5 x 10 -4 was used up (change in concentration). So 1.5 x 10 -4 = -2x. From this, we can ge...

Connie Chen 1E

Usually when new bonds are formed, it is a lot more stable for the atoms, so the potential energy is lower than it was before. This results in the release of energy.

Connie Chen 1E

Cl2 is more stable than F2 because it forms less product than F2, as indicated by the fact that its K value is smaller than F2's K value. This means that it is less likely to dissociate, and thus more stable.

Connie Chen 1E

You calculate the percentage of ionization by dividing the concentration of the dissociated species (the conjugate acid or base) by the original concentration of the acid or base, then multiplying by 100%. Conceptually, the percentage of ionization can tell you how much an acid or base has dissociat...

Connie Chen 1E

Yes, the same rules still apply as it is still an equilibrium constant.

Connie Chen 1E

For endothermic reactions, since there is more heat, it will be easier to overcome the activation energy, thus making it easier to form more products. As a result, the products will be favored. For exothermic reactions, the reverse reaction (P-->R) will be endothermic. So using the logic that the re...

Connie Chen 1E

I'm not sure how you got x=0.0114, but if you plug in all the values into the K_c ratio so that it's 1.00*10^-5=(2x)²/((0.114-x)(0.114-x)) and solve for x using the quadratic formula, you should get x=1.8*10^-4.

Connie Chen 1E

If Q<K, then we know that the reaction will favor the forward reaction because there is not enough product for the reaction to be at equilibrium.
If Q>K, then we know the reaction will favor the reverse reaction because there is not enough reactant for the reaction to be at equilibrium.

Connie Chen 1E

The reaction quotient is a ratio of the concentration of products to reactants when the system has not yet reached equilibrium. If Q<K, the forward reaction will be favored in order to create more product because there are not enough products in relation to reactants for the system to be at equilibr...

Connie Chen 1E

If the K value is large (K>10 3 ), then the concentration of products is much greater than reactants at equilibrium. This means that the forward reaction is favored and more products are being produced than reactants. If the K value is small (K<10 -3 ), then the concentration of reactants is much gr...

Connie Chen 1E

Since you know the mass of CO2 present at equilibrium, you can find the moles of CO2 at equilibrium by using the molar mass, which will be 0.000395 moles of CO2. Then, you can find the moles of NH3 present at equilibrium by using mole ratios: 0.000395 moles CO2 * (2 moles NH3/1 mole CO2) = 0.00079 m...

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