CHEMISTRY COMMUNITY

Chetas Holagunda 3H

London Dispersion Forces describe the interactions of temporary induced dipole induced dipole. The ions' or atoms' electron clouds themselves are polarizable, causing the LDF to be stronger or weaker but the LDF itself doesn't have high polarizability.

Chetas Holagunda 3H

It usually takes place among the outermost electrons, which are the valence electrons. These electrons are used in bonding, and also, hybridization.

Chetas Holagunda 3H

Think of it as how many Ligands are attached to the central metal cation. Each of those bonds added up equals the coordination number.

Chetas Holagunda 3H

A ligand is a molecule that donates an electron pair in order to form a coordinate covalent bond with a Transition Metal Cation, which are found in the d-block. It is a Lewis base as it gives away an electron pair.

Chetas Holagunda 3H

I don't think this would be a topic on the final as we haven't really spent time to cover it but I would study the basics just to be safe.

Chetas Holagunda 3H

Why shouldn't you trust atoms?

They make up everything.

Chetas Holagunda 3H

If a molecule is more polar, it has more intermolecular forces since it has London dispersion forces and dipole-dipole and possibly more. Therefore, since it has more forces acting upon it, polar molecules tend to have higher boiling points.

Chetas Holagunda 3H

HI would have a higher boiling point because it has a greater molar mass and more electrons, causing it to have more London dispersion forces. This means it requires more heat to separate the atoms.

Chetas Holagunda 3H

Hydrogen bonding occurs when there is a covalent bond between a H and F, O, or N, causing a large dipole moment. Then another Hydrogen can bond on the lone pairs of the F, O, or N or another F, O, N can bond to the partially positively charged H.

Chetas Holagunda 3H

Adding on, it is important to know that due to its structure with the two Cl on the same side, it is more efficient at stopping cell replication.

Chetas Holagunda 3H

Since linear molecules have two main regions of electron density, the two hybrid orbitals that will arise are SP orbitals. This is a hybridization between the S and the one of the P orbitals.

Chetas Holagunda 3H

Coordinate covalent bonds occur between Lewis acids and bases where the bases donate the electron pair to the Lewis acid, causing it to reach an octet.

Chetas Holagunda 3H

In Sigma bonds, the orbitals overlap from end to end, causing it to have a direct and stronger bond while Pi bonds overlap from side to side, causing them to be weaker and not allow the elements bonded to rotate.

Chetas Holagunda 3H

Acids are also usually transition metals such as Cobalt which have a positive ionization charge, allowing it to accept lone pairs from other elements.

Chetas Holagunda 3H

Adding on, the base if the one giving the lone pair while the acid is the one accepting the lone pair.

Chetas Holagunda 3H

Yes, because in order for there to be a nonzero net charge of the molecule, there has to be a dipole moment involved. These variances in dipole moments cause molecules to be polar and therefore they involve themselves in dipole-dipole interactions.

Chetas Holagunda 3H

Also, you can draw the vectors of the dipole moments to see if they cancel in each direction. Usually, if more than two elements are used in a molecule that isn't balanced on each side, it is polar.

Chetas Holagunda 3H

Polarizability means how easily that element's electron field gets distorted by a cation while being polar means having a charge.

Chetas Holagunda 3H

Yes. The questions asked will include what is the geometry and shape of the compound and for that I think you would need to, at bare minimum, memorize their names. Other than that, the names would give some hints as to their angles and other characteristics.

Chetas Holagunda 3H

I am pretty sure we will need to know how to draw them. But, the best thing is to worry about shape and geometry of the compounds.

Chetas Holagunda 3H

Also, as the difference in electronegativity increases, the magnitude of the partial charges also increase, affecting the dipole moment.

Chetas Holagunda 3H

Adding on, I think it would also be helpful to just know which elements are generally a lot more electronegative and the electronegativity values of the most electronegative elements like F, N, O, and Cl.

Chetas Holagunda 3H

Usually if a bond is shorter, it's because there are more electrons involved and the pull is greater, therefore decreasing the length of the bond. This makes the shorter bonds stronger.

Chetas Holagunda 3H

As the number of bonds increases too, like from a single, to double, to triple, the dissociation energy increases as the strength of the bond is more.

Chetas Holagunda 3H

The midterm will be graded by Wednesday of next week.

Chetas Holagunda 3H

Unless they specify to draw all forms of the resonance structure, I don't think that we have to but yes I believe the only way for now is to just redraw the bonds in different locations.

Chetas Holagunda 3H

How often do I tell chemistry jokes?

Periodically.

Chetas Holagunda 3H

Yes. The lower the magnitude of the total formal charge, the more stable that structure is for the compound. Also, allowing the more electronegative atoms to have the lower formal charge makes it more stable.

Chetas Holagunda 3H

Compounds that have ionic bonds dissolve and dissociate in water. Also, one could look at the charges of each atom based on the periodic table and determine it that way if one atom is negative and the other is positively charged.

Chetas Holagunda 3H

The type of bond depends on the formal charge of each of the elements in the compound. The goal is to get the least magnitude of formal charges.

Chetas Holagunda 3H

An orbital is a subsection under a subshell. A subshell is recognized based off of the l value: 0=s, 1=p, etc. Then within these, each sub shell has certain orbitals with s having 1, p having 3, d having 5, and f having 7, where each orbital has 2 electrons paired based on their spin state.

Chetas Holagunda 3H

The particle in a box is also used to help us visualize how the particle could move and what its limitations are.

Chetas Holagunda 3H

Work function, also symbolized as phi in equations, is the minimum amount of energy needed from a photon to remove an electron from a metal surface. Each metal has a different work function. If the energy of a photon is more, then the electron will have kinetic energy which can be calculated with .5...

Chetas Holagunda 3H

Adding on, this difference in energy of a transitioning hydrogen atom could be used to calculate the energy of the emitted photon by the release of energy in the excited hydrogen atom.

Chetas Holagunda 3H

If the question is asking for a value that isn't part of an equation, you can combine two of the equations with the help of a common factor to solve for the final variable. Like you said, this was done in the De Broglie's equation.

Chetas Holagunda 3H

What emotional disorder does a gas chromatograph suffer from?

Separation Anxiety!

Chetas Holagunda 3H

In response to Jorge's question, if a photon has enough energy within it, it can interact with an electron which is on its path and then displace its position. It can affect its velocity because if the electron is put on a different trajectory, its distance it travels is changed, causing the velocit...

Chetas Holagunda 3H

If some equations have variables in similar, like frequency, they can be substituted into each other to solve for the problem if the other variables in a certain formula aren't provided.

Chetas Holagunda 3H

Just to be safe, I would also memorize it as it saves time while doing calculations on the test.

Chetas Holagunda 3H

Adding on, if the energy of the photon is more, that means the electron is ejected has more energy in the form of kinetic energy. This kinetic energy of the displaced electron can be calculated by E(photon) - E(threshold of electron) = kinetic energy.

Chetas Holagunda 3H

What's the dullest element?

Bohrium

Chetas Holagunda 3H

When calculating, the constant values given should not be considered in terms of rounding for significant figures. The given values of a substance in the question with the least significant figures is what should be taken into consideration for rounding. The rest of the calculation should be done wi...

Chetas Holagunda 3H

Showing your work in terms of dimensional analysis also makes it clearer in terms of what factor you need to divide or multiply by.

Chetas Holagunda 3H

They have to be in integer values like n=1,2,3 and it means that it is the smallest transferrable unit I think.

Chetas Holagunda 3H

I would think that as you increase the intensity or frequency, more energy would be given off by the photon, surpassing the threshold energy. Since the energy needs to be conserved, the velocity of the electron would be greater as the energy given by the photon increases since kinetic energy's varia...

Chetas Holagunda 3H

I would recommend going over problems that have gave you some difficulty and try to understand why those steps are being done. This will let yourself know that you not only know how to solve it, but also why. I would also recommend taking some time off from the books and trying to do something else ...

Chetas Holagunda 3H

Why do chemists find working with ammonia easy?

It's pretty basic stuff.

Chetas Holagunda 3H

I have even seen it as 6.023X10^23 in other books but I'd say to stick with what Dr. Lavelle is using since it has been working with the class examples and the homework.

Chetas Holagunda 3H

I would suggest don't think of dilution as adding or taking out liters in a solution, but rather as decreasing the concentration of a solution while keeping the amount of solute the same.

Chetas Holagunda 3H

In terms of the problems we are solving, I think they are the same since they are considered the same in the textbook questions. One mole is 6.022X10^23 of anything, so in order to calculate, just use Avogadro's number to solve for either atoms or formula units.

Chetas Holagunda 3H

Precision refers to how close your measurements are to each other while accuracy represents how close to the true value the measurements are. Adding on, although your measurements may be thrown off because of a systematic error (e.g. the weighing scale is not calibrated correctly), they can be accou...

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