CHEMISTRY COMMUNITY

Claire Stoecklein 1E

505106414 wrote:
Emma Popescu 3D wrote:If you have the pH of a solution, you can calculate its pOH or vice versa. For example, if the pH is 2 then the pOH will be 14-2=12

Just to clarify, they always add to 14?

Yes, they always add up to 14

Claire Stoecklein 1E

For biological and industrial examples, do we have to know the formula and the structure given the name?

Claire Stoecklein 1E

Are polydentates with three bonding sites called tridentate? Or do we only specify bidentate?

Claire Stoecklein 1E

I believe cyano is basically a shorthand for cyanido. As long as it ends in o for an electrostatically charged ligand, it is named correctly

Claire Stoecklein 1E

Can a ligand be polydentate if it has two lone pairs on the same atom? Such as an oxygen atom?

Claire Stoecklein 1E

The Ka constant tells you how strong an acid is, if it is a very small number that means only part of it dissociates into hydronium.

Claire Stoecklein 1E

Water is considered to be neutral because it is neither an acid or a base, so it does not affect reactions of acids and bases. Rather, the acids and bases affect the water

Claire Stoecklein 1E

Is hybridization just for the central atom? So then is one molecule just one kind of hybridization?

Claire Stoecklein 1E

I assume there are exceptions to the naming rules, but do we need to be aware of any of them?

Claire Stoecklein 1E

All bonds are denoted as straight lines, so there is no way to differentiate them

Claire Stoecklein 1E

All bonds are denoted as straight lines, so there is no way to differentiate them

Claire Stoecklein 1E

This is just a notation for VSEPR that tells us how many electrons and lone pairs are on the central atom (A).

Claire Stoecklein 1E

Hybridization is when two atoms fuse their orbitals to create new hybridized orbitals. This allows the molecules to be lower energy.

Claire Stoecklein 1E

Similar to how we write electron configurations, the d goes first if it is in a prior shell. Even though we fill the d subshell after we fill the s and p subshells from the previous shell, we write the d first.

Claire Stoecklein 1E

Molecules with Sulfur as the central atom are often polar because Sulfur can accommodate more than 8 valence electrons. If there is an uneven number of bonded atoms or lone pairs, the molecule will be polar.

Claire Stoecklein 1E

Polarizability and polarizing power can be predicted with periodic trends.

Claire Stoecklein 1E

The strongest intermolecular force is a hydrogen bond, which occurs between molecules that include Hydrogen and Fluorine, Oxygen, or Nitrogen.

Claire Stoecklein 1E

The molecular shape just refers to the arrangement of the bonds. The two fluorine atoms occupy one plane around the Xe atom, with the lone pairs occupying much of the surrounding three dimensional space. Therefore, the bond angles are 180 and linear.

Claire Stoecklein 1E

You must have the right type of bonds and number of lone pair electrons in your Lewis structure to get the right shape, and therefore, bond angles. However, because resonance is just a blend of all possible structures, you can get the right shape with just one resonance structure.

Claire Stoecklein 1E

The number of bonded electron pairs and the number of lone electron pairs influences the shape of the molecule, and thus, the bond angles.

Claire Stoecklein 1E

yes, all bonds are a mixture of these two.

Claire Stoecklein 1E

According to Hund's rule, an electron has lower energy when three subshells are filled within an orbital.

Claire Stoecklein 1E

London dispersion is the weakest type of intermolecular forces.

Claire Stoecklein 1E

A good guideline to follow for drawing organic structures is that carbon wants 4 bonds, nitrogen 3, oxygen 2, and hydrogen 1.

Claire Stoecklein 1E

A shell corresponds to the principle quantum number, a sub shell to the orbital angular momentum quantum number, and an orbital to the magnetic.

Claire Stoecklein 1E

The m(l) quantum number is determined by which type of orbital (s, p, d, or f) an electron is in.

Claire Stoecklein 1E

You can use the quantum numbers to count the number of valence electrons and determine the element (or ion, possibly)

Claire Stoecklein 1E

There are exceptions for Oxygen, Boron, and Calcium. To be safe, you should probably write out the electron configurations to see if there is a reason that certain elements could achieve lower energies.

Claire Stoecklein 1E

The work function is only used in problems involving the photoelectric effect, which doesn't seem to be many problems.

Claire Stoecklein 1E

Each electron in an atom has a probability function that tells us the probability of finding an electron at a given point within that orbital.

Claire Stoecklein 1E

Ionization energy is a direct result of an atom's electronegativity-- because it takes more energy to remove an electron that is clung onto by an atom. This is why these two properties follow the same trend. Electron affinity follows a less obvious trend.

Claire Stoecklein 1E

Hybridization refers to the formation of new electron orbitals that are better suited for electron sharing in bonds. For example, an s orbital and p orbital could convert to form two sp orbitals.

Claire Stoecklein 1E

ionic bonds are typically between a metal and nonmetal, whereas covalent bonds are between two nonmetals

Claire Stoecklein 1E

When we draw Lewis structures, we draw some bonds as single bonds and others as double bonds for the sake of simplicity; however, experimental bond lengths show us that extra electrons that make up double bonds simultaneously exist in the orbitals of all the bonds for that atom. Resonance structures...

Claire Stoecklein 1E

Electrons in the s-orbital are equally likely to be found at any point in the sphere, therefore s-orbitals have symmetric probability distributions. A p-orbital shape itself is not asymmetric, but because the shape is not a sphere, an electron is more likely to be found further from the nuclear, so ...

Claire Stoecklein 1E

The de Broglie equation shows the wavelike properties of electrons, not the particle quantized properties. Rydberg's equation allows for quantized energy levels.

Claire Stoecklein 1E

Some questions (it may even be the one in contention) ask for the the energy of a mole of photons, in which case you would then multiply Plancks constant by Avogadros number.

Claire Stoecklein 1E

Conceptually, the Heisenberg uncertainty equation demonstrates the relationship between knowledge of a particle's velocity and its position. When we accurately measure the position, it becomes more difficult to pinpoint the general trend of its path, and when we understand its path, it is hard to kn...

Claire Stoecklein 1E

When you determine delta p for the indeterminacy equation, make sure to use p=mv, using the velocity given in the equation and the mass of electron, 9.109 x 10^-31.

Claire Stoecklein 1E

De Broglie's equation asserts that everything with mass has both wave and particle properties. However, because the wavelength of the wave property is inversely proportional to the mass of an object, an object with a significant mass (ie, a baseball), has relatively negligible wave tendencies and ac...

Claire Stoecklein 1E

Light with a higher frequency has higher energy because there are more photons being transfered per cycle with a higher frequency, and the energy in light comes from photons.

Claire Stoecklein 1E

Matter in general has both wave and particle properties [I]because[I] electrons have particle properties and matter consists of electrons. Think of the analogy Dr. Lavelle used in class: water poured out of a bucket acts as a wave flow until you zoom in very close and see the molecules drip out of t...

Claire Stoecklein 1E

Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine, and Fluorine never occur alone. You can always assume these are H2, N2, etc.

Claire Stoecklein 1E

When I use scientific notation in my calculator, I make sure to use parentheses around each answer so the numbers don't get confused. For example just put (1.99 x 10^-18) in the calculator.

Claire Stoecklein 1E

Intensity is synonymous with brightness. Two lightbulbs can have the same wavelength and frequency of light, but we can increase the brightness by turning both lightbulbs on instead of one. This shows that the amount of light doesn't have an effect on the energy hitting the electrons, but rather the...

Claire Stoecklein 1E

Final answers should typically have 3 sig figs, which means all values throughout the calculations should be 4 or 5 sig figs to avoid rounding numbers.

Claire Stoecklein 1E

Because one mole of H2O is 18.02 grams and one molecule is 1/6.022x10^23 atoms, the mass of one molecule can be calculated by dividing 18.02 by avogadros number.

Claire Stoecklein 1E

Number of moles is directly proportional to number of atoms, because Avogadro's number is a constant. Number of atoms has no relation to atomic mass.

Claire Stoecklein 1E

I don't believe there is a unit specifically for oscillations, so Hertz are measured in just oscillations/second.

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