CHEMISTRY COMMUNITY

Audrie Chan-3B

Basically, a Bronsted acid is a proton donor, which means that it gives away its H+. A lewis acid is an electron acceptor because the "H+" or proton would attract electrons. For bases, a Bronsted base is a proton acceptor and accepts the H+. A lewis base is an electron donor and gives the ...

Audrie Chan-3B

Finding molarity for an acid or base is the same way as finding the molarity in the fundamentals chapter (Molarity = moles/ volume (L)). You can also find molarity through pH. By taking the inverse log when the pH or pOH is known, you can find the respective acid or base molarity.

Audrie Chan-3B

It would be helpful to first determine which are the acids and bases in the equation, and then label the conjugates as the opposite corresponding molecule.

Audrie Chan-3B

The hydrogen from HCO3- attaches to the H2O causing the products H3O+ and (CO3)^2-.

Audrie Chan-3B

If the chemical can either donate more than one proton or accept more than one proton, it is polyprotic. It would be more polyprotic if you compare and see which molecule can donate/accept more.

Audrie Chan-3B

The coordination number is the number of atoms/ions a central metal atom/ion holds. To find these, look at the number of atoms attached to the central metal ion.

Audrie Chan-3B

If two amino groups are close enough to attach to the same metal ion, then it can form a chelating complex. You can think of it as whether or not the groups can form a ring through one metal ion.

Audrie Chan-3B

I don't think it matters which ligand you list first, as long as you list them all.

Audrie Chan-3B

It is 6 because you have to consider the bonding of chlorine atoms and the 2 ens.

Audrie Chan-3B

To get the correct answer you need to find the coordination number which is essentially the number of atoms bonding to the central metal ion. For c and d, look at the bonding sites for each compound. There are 2 bonding sites in en and 2 en, plus the 2 chlorine atoms, meaning there are 6 atoms attac...

Audrie Chan-3B

Because ionic forces occur when two atoms with charge come together, it is an intramolecular interaction.

Audrie Chan-3B

The more IMF there are, the stronger the boiling point will be because it will take more heat for the many forces to break apart, thus resulting in a higher boiling point.

Audrie Chan-3B

They are relatively the same in strength because dipole-dipole forces in the gas phase are far apart from each other (bc they are gases) and because the bonds are farther away, they are weaker in comparison to dipole-dipole forces in the solid phase.

Audrie Chan-3B

The placement of the chlorines in the lewis structure does not matter. If you picture the VSEPR structure for it, you will notice that the chlorines are not symmetric/ 180 degrees from each other, so they cannot cancel out.

Audrie Chan-3B

In terms of strength, ion-ion > ion-dipole > hydrogen-bond > dipole-dipole > london dispersion.

Audrie Chan-3B

I think that it would be okay to just say that a double bond has a shorter bond length than a single bond and therefore is stronger.

Audrie Chan-3B

I think it would be helpful to memorize both bond angles and shape name for the test.

Audrie Chan-3B

I think it would be important to go over the points in the outline and making sure that you understand all of them.

Audrie Chan-3B

Basically, electronegativity is the electron's pulling power. It increases up a period and across the row because the nucleus charge of the atom is increasing faster than the electron shielding, making the atom more willing to increasing their number of valence electrons.

Audrie Chan-3B

I think we should just know that single bonds are typically longer and weaker, while double and triple bonds become shorter and stronger.

Audrie Chan-3B

P, S, and Cl can have expanded octets, but generally all the elements before it must abide by the octet rule.

Audrie Chan-3B

We probably do, as we have been learning about it in lectures.

Audrie Chan-3B

Fluorine is the most electronegative element because it is farther up and right on the periodic table. Therefore, C-F is more electronegative than C-Br.

Audrie Chan-3B

The elements that can have expanded octet are P, S, and Cl.

Audrie Chan-3B

Nitrogen's electron configuration is more stable than oxygens because it has more symmetry, making it more difficult to remove an electron. Because ionization energy is the energy required to remove an electron, nitrogen's is higher than oxygen's.

Audrie Chan-3B

I think the midterm will be mostly open ended questions, but not sure.

Audrie Chan-3B

Si can also have an expanded octet!

Audrie Chan-3B

There aren't really any shortcuts, except for a few exceptions like benzene, which is a hexagon with a circle. It would be best to just draw them out normally.

Audrie Chan-3B

If it's not on the homework or not mentioned in discussion, then we probably don't, but just memorize the formula in case.

Audrie Chan-3B

The octet rules state that atoms have 8 electrons in their valence shells. When there are eight, then the atom is stable.

Audrie Chan-3B

You use noble gas configuration as a short cut. It's called "shorthand" electron configuration. Typically, you can use either way (noble gas or long way), but it is easier to use shorthand because it is less to write.

Audrie Chan-3B

It's important to know that the trend for atomic radius is increasing increasing left and down. The trend for electronegativity and ionization energy is the opposite: increasing up and right.

Audrie Chan-3B

It is easiest to just know where the s, p, d, and f orbitals are. From there, you just go in order of the periodic table and count chronically in terms of how many electrons are in each orbital.

Audrie Chan-3B

I think that when you remove the first electron that is unpaired, the second electron will be in a lower orbital and will be paired. Since it is paired, it requires more energy to remove it and is therefore harder to remove.

Audrie Chan-3B

Yes, because the arrow is pointing down, it is excited. The arrows would need to be all pointing up in order to be grounded.

Audrie Chan-3B

The direction the electron spins in depends on whether its positive or negative 1/2. Typically, positive means spinning right while negative spins left. You can find it through the up and down arrows when determining electron configuration.

Audrie Chan-3B

The trend for atomic radius increases when going left on the periodic table and going down. The trend for ionic radius is the opposite (increases going right and up).

Audrie Chan-3B

Typically, I find that drawing things out or seeing what units I have to end with and therefore finding ways to manipulate equations in order to give me desired results will get me the correct answer.

Audrie Chan-3B

The units from wavelength (m) and frequency (s) give velocity (m/s). The speed of light is essentially the velocity for these two factors because we are dealing with light waves.

Audrie Chan-3B

Victoria Otuya 4F wrote:Is hz the same as s-1?

Yes, the units for Hz is s-1 and it basically means that there is one cycle per second.

Audrie Chan-3B

To elaborate, the specific lines that form as a result of an atom emitting light can be compared to a fingerprint that is unique to a certain atom. Therefore, each atom has a different identity when it comes to the lines that define them. I hope this makes sense

Audrie Chan-3B

The conversion for Angstrom was given on the formulas page!

Audrie Chan-3B

We are allowed to use scientific calculators. When doing calculations, I usually leave 3 or 4 digits after the decimal and then apply sig figs for my last answer.

Audrie Chan-3B

Usually the problem lists out the order for you already.

Audrie Chan-3B

I think it's best to just multiply it so that it becomes a whole integer.

Audrie Chan-3B

Not quite sure, but I think that because oxygen has a charge of -2 on the periodic table and there are 2 oxygen atoms, you need tin to have a charge of 4 in order to balance it out. Tin is a transitional metal, meaning it does not have a set charge, so you need to look at the charge and number of ox...

Audrie Chan-3B

Typically, you find the number with the smallest number of sig figs given in the problem and use that as a guidance as to how many sig figs you should have in your final answer!

Audrie Chan-3B

Basically, you can use the equation n= Natom/ Na (moles equals the number of atoms divided by Avogadro's number) to find the number of Gallium moles and then use m=nM (mass equals moles times molar mass) to find the mass of Gallium. Set this mass equal to the mass of Astatine, and you are able to fi...

Audrie Chan-3B

I think we use scientific notation to write the answer with the correct number of significant figures. So if the answer was 12300 but the question only asks for 2 sig figs, we would write it as 1.2 x 10^4.

Audrie Chan-3B

To find the significant figures of a number, you look for non-zero numbers or trapped zeros. Trapped zeros would include zeros that are between two non-zero numbers. For example, the sig fig of 14 would be 2. If the number has a decimal point, then you look for the first non-zero number and count af...

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