Search found 119 matches
- Mon Mar 09, 2020 2:56 pm
- Forum: Equilibrium Constants & Calculating Concentrations
- Topic: Textbook question 5.35 Part B
- Replies: 2
- Views: 214
Re: Textbook question 5.35 Part B
Once you figure out the chemical equation for the reaction, solving for the equilibrium constant is pretty straightforward. From the picture, you can see the equilibrium concentrations of the reactant and products based on where the number is when the line flattens out, because this means that the c...
- Mon Mar 09, 2020 2:41 pm
- Forum: Zero Order Reactions
- Topic: Zero Order
- Replies: 8
- Views: 473
Re: Zero Order
A reaction is zero order when the rate of reaction is independent of the concentration of R, often when the catalyst and enzyme are saturated and increasing the concentration of R does not increase the rate. The rate is limited by k only. It can be determined by looking at experimental data. For exa...
- Mon Mar 09, 2020 2:38 pm
- Forum: Zero Order Reactions
- Topic: Catalyst
- Replies: 4
- Views: 435
Re: Catalyst
A zero order reaction's rate is independent of the concentration of R, often when the catalyst or enzyme is saturated and increasing the concentration of R does not increase the overall rate. Since the rate is dependent solely on k, the presence of a catalyst would increase the reaction rate since i...
- Mon Mar 09, 2020 2:34 pm
- Forum: Method of Initial Rates (To Determine n and k)
- Topic: Slow Step
- Replies: 4
- Views: 323
Re: Slow Step
This information should be given to you by the problem as there is no way to determine whether one reaction step is faster or slower than another. Just know that the slow step determines the rate law and if there is an intermediate in the slow step, treat the fast step above it as an equilibrium and...
- Mon Mar 09, 2020 2:32 pm
- Forum: Arrhenius Equation, Activation Energies, Catalysts
- Topic: Homework 7E.3
- Replies: 1
- Views: 171
Re: Homework 7E.3
The activation energy of the catalyzed reaction is 75 kJ/mol. The activation energy of the uncatalyzed reaction is 125 kJ/mol. Therefore, the activation energy of the catalyzed reaction is 75/125 times the activation energy of the uncatalyzed reaction, which is 125 kJ/mol. Therefore, (75/125) times ...
- Mon Mar 02, 2020 3:00 pm
- Forum: Balancing Redox Reactions
- Topic: hw 6l7b
- Replies: 2
- Views: 255
Re: hw 6l7b
You can probably assume both of the electrodes are exposed to air since they are not normally closed cells. Therefore, oxygen plays a role in both the anode and cathode half reactions.
- Mon Mar 02, 2020 2:58 pm
- Forum: Work, Gibbs Free Energy, Cell (Redox) Potentials
- Topic: G=-nFE
- Replies: 5
- Views: 385
Re: G=-nFE
After balancing the half reactions at the anode and cathode, and multiplying by whatever number to make the number of electrons the same in the cathode and anode half reactions, you would use the number of electrons in either the anode or cathode half reaction as n (it should be the same number for ...
- Mon Mar 02, 2020 2:57 pm
- Forum: Galvanic/Voltaic Cells, Calculating Standard Cell Potentials, Cell Diagrams
- Topic: 6L.7 C cell diagram
- Replies: 1
- Views: 242
Re: 6L.7 C cell diagram
The KOH is just another way of representing the presence of OH- ions at the anode. KOH will fully dissociate into K+ and OH- ions, so the K+ is a spectator ion and does not affect the reaction at the anode. If you were doing this experiment in a lab you would probably add OH- ions to the cell in the...
- Mon Mar 02, 2020 2:51 pm
- Forum: Galvanic/Voltaic Cells, Calculating Standard Cell Potentials, Cell Diagrams
- Topic: 6n.3
- Replies: 1
- Views: 264
Re: 6n.3
The left side of the cell diagram corresponds to the anode, so you know oxidation will occur here. Since the overall molecule of HCl is neutral, this must mean that the H has a charge of +1 and the Cl has a charge of -1. Since HCl is a strong acid and completely dissociates, we can assume that H2 is...
- Mon Mar 02, 2020 2:43 pm
- Forum: Appications of the Nernst Equation (e.g., Concentration Cells, Non-Standard Cell Potentials, Calculating Equilibrium Constants and pH)
- Topic: Nernst Equation
- Replies: 1
- Views: 206
Re: Nernst Equation
You can use either forms of the equation with either log or ln because you will get the same answer either way. It just might be sometimes more convenient to use the log form of the Nernst equation if you're dealing with pH since pH = -logH+. In most of the problems however either equation will work...
- Mon Mar 02, 2020 2:41 pm
- Forum: Galvanic/Voltaic Cells, Calculating Standard Cell Potentials, Cell Diagrams
- Topic: 6L5 b.
- Replies: 3
- Views: 289
Re: 6L5 b.
You need to use platinum as a metal electrode for both sides since none of the products or reactants are conducting metal solids. I2 is a solid at the anode, but since it is a metal it doesn't count. At the cathode, there are only aqueous ions so you would also need the platinum electrode here to al...
- Mon Feb 24, 2020 5:30 pm
- Forum: Galvanic/Voltaic Cells, Calculating Standard Cell Potentials, Cell Diagrams
- Topic: How does a pH meter work?
- Replies: 1
- Views: 235
How does a pH meter work?
What exactly is the cathode and anode in the pH meter? How does it work? I know it measures Ecell and then uses that to calculate H+ concentration and thus pH.
- Mon Feb 24, 2020 5:15 pm
- Forum: Concepts & Calculations Using Second Law of Thermodynamics
- Topic: 4.45
- Replies: 1
- Views: 285
Re: 4.45
The system in this case is the potassium nitrate and water. Enthalpy for the system depends on the entropy of the surroundings because the heat going into the system comes from the surroundings (it doesn't just appear out of nowhere). If the surroundings loses heat as a result of heat gain from the ...
- Mon Feb 24, 2020 5:11 pm
- Forum: Galvanic/Voltaic Cells, Calculating Standard Cell Potentials, Cell Diagrams
- Topic: 6M.1
- Replies: 4
- Views: 393
Re: 6M.1
You're right, if the Cu half reaction is written on the right side of the equation, it should be the cathode. This is probably a typo in the textbook as the solutions manual writes it on the left side of the cell diagram, making it the anode.
- Mon Feb 24, 2020 5:05 pm
- Forum: Appications of the Nernst Equation (e.g., Concentration Cells, Non-Standard Cell Potentials, Calculating Equilibrium Constants and pH)
- Topic: Pressure
- Replies: 2
- Views: 240
Re: Pressure
For cells that involve gases, such as hydrogen gas or chlorine gas, the pressure of these species matters. In these cases, the partial pressures of gases would probably be used over concentrations. Depending on the partial pressures, E would differ because of the nernst equation, E = Enot - (RT/NF)lnQ
- Mon Feb 24, 2020 5:03 pm
- Forum: Galvanic/Voltaic Cells, Calculating Standard Cell Potentials, Cell Diagrams
- Topic: Salt Bridge
- Replies: 6
- Views: 394
Re: Salt Bridge
It can be any positive and negative ions that are soluble in solution. They don't have to include the ions in either anode or cathode solution as long as they balance the charge of the 2 solutions after the reaction takes place. Usually the salt bridges contains a salt such as sodium or potassium ch...
- Tue Feb 18, 2020 1:13 pm
- Forum: Balancing Redox Reactions
- Topic: Balancing Basic Solutions
- Replies: 2
- Views: 242
Re: Balancing Basic Solutions
To balance a half reaction we would normally add H20 first to balance the number of oxygen atoms on both sides of the half reaction. Since we added H20, there is now an imbalance of H's, so we would add the number of H20 molecules on the opposite side per H atom needed. Since there are twice as many...
- Tue Feb 18, 2020 1:09 pm
- Forum: Balancing Redox Reactions
- Topic: Finding charge
- Replies: 2
- Views: 239
Re: Finding charge
You can tell a compound's charge by looking at its net charge, which is usually 0 if there is no superscript shown. The superscript of the compound (ex: -2 or +3) shows its overall charge. From this information you can calculate the individual charge of each atom within the compound since they all h...
- Tue Feb 18, 2020 12:28 pm
- Forum: Gibbs Free Energy Concepts and Calculations
- Topic: Van't Hoff Equation
- Replies: 4
- Views: 394
Re: Van't Hoff Equation
You use the Van't Hoff equation to find a different K at a different temperature if the enthalpy of a reaction is known. Using the equation, you plug in all the values you are given (K1, H, T1 and T2) to find K2. Or you can be given K2 instead of T2 and use the equation to find T2.
- Tue Feb 18, 2020 12:25 pm
- Forum: Balancing Redox Reactions
- Topic: 6K.1 Homework
- Replies: 1
- Views: 146
Re: 6K.1 Homework
for redox reactions, it's not always going to be metals that are oxidized and reduced. In this example, the Cr is being reduced, but the C, a nonmetal, is actually being oxidized. If you calculate the charge of C in C2H5OH you will see that it is -2 in this molecule, but in the products (C2H4O) it i...
- Tue Feb 18, 2020 12:22 pm
- Forum: Balancing Redox Reactions
- Topic: Balancing and Adding together Half-Rxns
- Replies: 6
- Views: 305
Re: Balancing and Adding together Half-Rxns
there has to be a conservation of charge on the reactant and product side of the equation. If you think of an electron as an element, there has to be the same number of both the reactant and product side.
- Mon Feb 10, 2020 6:00 pm
- Forum: Third Law of Thermodynamics (For a Unique Ground State (W=1): S -> 0 as T -> 0) and Calculations Using Boltzmann Equation for Entropy
- Topic: Entropy between molecules
- Replies: 3
- Views: 351
Re: Entropy between molecules
More complex and larger molecules have higher residual entropies, since they have more vibrational/rotational modes and possible states of arrangements. Also, all molecules in the gas phase have more residual entropy than all molecules in the liquid phase, which all have more entropy than molecules ...
- Mon Feb 10, 2020 5:58 pm
- Forum: Reaction Enthalpies (e.g., Using Hess’s Law, Bond Enthalpies, Standard Enthalpies of Formation)
- Topic: 4C.3b
- Replies: 1
- Views: 167
Re: 4C.3b
for a system at constant volume, there is no work being done since this cancels out the term. therefore, the internal energy equals heat, which is q (U=q). The equation for enthalpy is H = U + PV, so in order to find enthalpy, you would plug in q for U and nRT for PV if you are given moles and tempe...
- Mon Feb 10, 2020 3:06 pm
- Forum: Heat Capacities, Calorimeters & Calorimetry Calculations
- Topic: average kinetic energy
- Replies: 1
- Views: 132
Re: average kinetic energy
For an ideal gas, the only type of energy that contributes to its internal energy is the average kinetic energy (since supposedly for an ideal gas there are no interactions between the molecules, so the gas's energy only comes from its motion, KE). The equation for internal energy (avg KE) of an ide...
- Mon Feb 10, 2020 3:00 pm
- Forum: Entropy Changes Due to Changes in Volume and Temperature
- Topic: entropy values
- Replies: 1
- Views: 78
Re: entropy values
the 2 main types are residual/positional/statistical and thermal entropy. Residual entropy is related to the number of microstates a system can have, which increases with greater volume or greater number of states or greater number of atoms (calculated by S = kblnW or deltaS = nrln(v2/v1)). Thermal ...
- Mon Feb 10, 2020 2:57 pm
- Forum: Thermodynamic Definitions (isochoric/isometric, isothermal, isobaric)
- Topic: Reversible vs. Irreversible reactions
- Replies: 1
- Views: 111
Re: Reversible vs. Irreversible reactions
Reversible work = integral of Pdv, which simplifies to -nRTln(v2/v1). External pressure is not constant. During reversible processes, the system is always at equilibrium and therefore the entropy for these systems is 0. These processes are usually isothermal, meaning that energy lost by the system t...
- Mon Feb 10, 2020 2:53 pm
- Forum: Concepts & Calculations Using First Law of Thermodynamics
- Topic: heat
- Replies: 1
- Views: 70
Re: heat
q is heat and is in units of joules. It is really heat transfer from one object to another. Heat capacity is the amount of heat needed to raise an object by 1 degree Celsius, in units of J/C. It is an extensive property since it depends on the amount of material present (larger object = larger heat ...
- Sun Feb 09, 2020 11:59 pm
- Forum: Reaction Enthalpies (e.g., Using Hess’s Law, Bond Enthalpies, Standard Enthalpies of Formation)
- Topic: Midterm Review #12b
- Replies: 4
- Views: 270
Re: Midterm Review #12b
would the enthalpies for the reactants and products in steps 1 and 3 be both positive? or would reactants be positive and products be negative?
- Sun Feb 09, 2020 11:08 pm
- Forum: Reaction Enthalpies (e.g., Using Hess’s Law, Bond Enthalpies, Standard Enthalpies of Formation)
- Topic: Midterm Review #12b
- Replies: 4
- Views: 270
Midterm Review #12b
Suppose a researcher finds that delta Hrxn = -2756 kJ for the reaction at 200. C. Assuming all heat capacities are constant, calculate delta Hrxn at the temperature of the human body, 37 C. Hint: since enthalpy is a state function, the process can be divided into three steps. Can somebody help me on...
- Mon Feb 03, 2020 10:43 am
- Forum: Calculating Work of Expansion
- Topic: Calculus on The Midterm
- Replies: 8
- Views: 427
Re: Calculus on The Midterm
Right now, the only instance where we would have to use calculus is calculating the work done by reversible expansion, which is given by w = -(integral) Pdv. However, in many cases this can simplify to w= -nRTln(V2/V1), which is a simplified version of the integral that we can use if are given the n...
- Mon Feb 03, 2020 10:38 am
- Forum: Applying Le Chatelier's Principle to Changes in Chemical & Physical Conditions
- Topic: Shift Change Rules
- Replies: 5
- Views: 292
Re: Shift Change Rules
Some extra things to remember: when heating an endothermic reaction, the K of the reaction permanently increases; conversely when heating an exothermic reaction, the K of the rxn permanently decreases. Also, when determining reaction shifts according to changes in pressure (and the rxn involves gase...
- Mon Feb 03, 2020 10:31 am
- Forum: Third Law of Thermodynamics (For a Unique Ground State (W=1): S -> 0 as T -> 0) and Calculations Using Boltzmann Equation for Entropy
- Topic: Boltzmann Equation
- Replies: 4
- Views: 130
Re: Boltzmann Equation
To get a number for W, you would have to determine the total number of possible states that your molecule or atoms could be in. For a 2-state system, the total number of possible outcomes your system could have is 2^n, where n= the number of atoms. You would typically use this equation to solve for ...
- Mon Feb 03, 2020 10:28 am
- Forum: Calculating Work of Expansion
- Topic: Integral Calculations
- Replies: 3
- Views: 169
Re: Integral Calculations
For reversible expansion, if we know the number of moles, temperature, and final/initial volume of the sample, we can just use the simplified version of the integral, which is w = -nRTln(V2/V1) instead of integrating. If we were to integrate, I believe we would need a function for pressure with volu...
- Mon Feb 03, 2020 10:25 am
- Forum: Thermodynamic Definitions (isochoric/isometric, isothermal, isobaric)
- Topic: Formula for isothermal, reversible equilibrium
- Replies: 4
- Views: 303
Re: Formula for isothermal, reversible equilibrium
When using the equation -nRTln(V2/V1) for reversible reactions, does n stand for the change in moles after the reaction takes place or does it stand for the total number of moles?
- Mon Feb 03, 2020 10:22 am
- Forum: Calculating Work of Expansion
- Topic: Derivative
- Replies: 3
- Views: 213
Re: Derivative
I guess we would actually only have to integrate if we were given some sort of equation for pressure that is a function of volume, without the number of moles or temperature for the problem. Otherwise, if we know the final and initial volume, the number of moles, and temperature at which the reactio...
- Sat Feb 01, 2020 12:44 pm
- Forum: Reaction Enthalpies (e.g., Using Hess’s Law, Bond Enthalpies, Standard Enthalpies of Formation)
- Topic: units for reaction enthalpy and enthalpy of formation
- Replies: 3
- Views: 218
units for reaction enthalpy and enthalpy of formation
I've seen kJ and kJ/mol being used interchangeably for both reaction enthalpy and enthalpy of formation, so are either units okay? Or does enthalpy of formation typically have units of kJ/mol and does reaction enthalpy typically have units of just kJ?
- Mon Jan 27, 2020 6:03 pm
- Forum: Heat Capacities, Calorimeters & Calorimetry Calculations
- Topic: Specific Heat and Molar Heat Capacity
- Replies: 4
- Views: 203
Re: Specific Heat and Molar Heat Capacity
The units of specific heat capacity and molar heat capacity can vary in terms of temperature units, but they are distinct based on whether there are grams or moles in the denominator. Joules or kilojoules can be in either numerator, and units of kelvin or celsius are also interchangeable in both. I ...
- Mon Jan 27, 2020 5:59 pm
- Forum: Phase Changes & Related Calculations
- Topic: heat to raise temp
- Replies: 2
- Views: 108
Re: heat to raise temp
There is not really a singular equation you would use to solve this part b) of this question. Once you have calculated the heat necessary to raise the temperature of water and the heat needed to raise the temperature of the entire solution, you can just divide the heat transferred to water by the to...
- Mon Jan 27, 2020 5:48 pm
- Forum: Heat Capacities, Calorimeters & Calorimetry Calculations
- Topic: Steam graph
- Replies: 5
- Views: 257
Re: Steam graph
When water in liquid form at 100 C comes into contact with skin, energy is transferred from the water to your skin since it is at a higher temperature. However, with water in vapor form at 100 C, when it comes into contact with your skin, it condenses, transforming from a vapor to a liquid, releasin...
- Mon Jan 27, 2020 5:44 pm
- Forum: Heat Capacities, Calorimeters & Calorimetry Calculations
- Topic: Calorimeter Specific heat
- Replies: 2
- Views: 105
Re: Calorimeter Specific heat
If you were doing a calorimeter experiment in a lab, then you would have to account for the heat absorbed by the calorimeter itself and the surroundings. For the purposes of this class, however, I believe you can consider this fact to be negligible when doing homework problems and calculations.
- Mon Jan 27, 2020 5:40 pm
- Forum: Heat Capacities, Calorimeters & Calorimetry Calculations
- Topic: Problem we did in class 1/27
- Replies: 1
- Views: 86
Re: Problem we did in class 1/27
My explanation would be that the resulting solution is not 100% pure water (it has salt in it), but the total volume of the products is still 100 mL; when we are finding the volume of water we are assuming that it is the total volume of the solution after the neutralization reaction. I guess Dr. Lav...
- Tue Jan 21, 2020 3:31 pm
- Forum: Calculating Work of Expansion
- Topic: Math skills
- Replies: 2
- Views: 1281
Re: Math skills
I doubt we will need to use much calculus for Chem 14B, but if we do it will probably only be basic integration and nothing very complicated. If there are special integration or calculus skills that we need to use for problems I am sure Dr. Lavelle will go through it thoroughly in lecture.
- Tue Jan 21, 2020 3:28 pm
- Forum: Non-Equilibrium Conditions & The Reaction Quotient
- Topic: Acids and Bases
- Replies: 7
- Views: 152
Re: Acids and Bases
Acids donate their protons and are usually written as HA, where A is the rest of the molecule. Bases accept protons and usually have an OH somewhere within the molecule (an exception to this is the weak base NH3). Really long molecules with an amine group (NH2) are usually bases as the nitrogen atom...
- Tue Jan 21, 2020 3:20 pm
- Forum: Equilibrium Constants & Calculating Concentrations
- Topic: Worksheet Practice for Test 1
- Replies: 3
- Views: 243
Re: Worksheet Practice for Test 1
You would set up an ice table. Initial concentrations: 1 for H2, 2 for Cl2, and 0 for HCl. We don't know how much the change is, so we represent this with -x, -x, and +2x, respectively. Therefore, the expressions for the equilibrium are: H2 = 1-x, Cl2 = 2-x, and HCl = 4x^2. Write the expression for ...
- Tue Jan 21, 2020 3:16 pm
- Forum: Equilibrium Constants & Calculating Concentrations
- Topic: 6E.3b
- Replies: 1
- Views: 97
Re: 6E.3b
Since Ka1 is much larger than Ka2, the second dissociation reaction can be ignored. We can just focus on the first dissociation reaction, where (COOH)2 donates one of its protons to water (like any other acid), forming H3o+ and (COOH)COO-. You would set up your ICE table like normal and solve for x ...
- Tue Jan 21, 2020 1:17 pm
- Forum: Equilibrium Constants & Calculating Concentrations
- Topic: Gas Constant (R)
- Replies: 3
- Views: 90
Re: Gas Constant (R)
You would choose the gas constant to use based on what unit what you want to convert your concentration value into. Generally, you would use R when solving for P given the concentration using P = (n/V)RT. If you wanted your partial pressure to be in units of atmospheres, then you would use the gas c...
- Mon Jan 20, 2020 5:39 pm
- Forum: Equilibrium Constants & Calculating Concentrations
- Topic: K
- Replies: 5
- Views: 224
Re: K
Yeah. Even if you add a lot of reactant or product, give the reaction enough time, and it will eventually settle back to equilibrium with the same ratios of product to reactant. There will be more of both product and reactant in this scenario, but the ratio of the 2 will remain the same.
- Mon Jan 20, 2020 5:17 pm
- Forum: Applying Le Chatelier's Principle to Changes in Chemical & Physical Conditions
- Topic: "Quick Way" for predicting response to changes in volume/pressure
- Replies: 3
- Views: 154
Re: "Quick Way" for predicting response to changes in volume/pressure
The explicit way to determine the response to a change in volume or pressure is to calculate the new concentrations of the each reactant and product. For example, since concentration is represented by n/V, increasing V would decrease concentration. Similarly, since pressure and volume are inversely ...
- Mon Jan 13, 2020 2:47 pm
- Forum: Applying Le Chatelier's Principle to Changes in Chemical & Physical Conditions
- Topic: Textbook question 5J.5
- Replies: 2
- Views: 121
Re: Textbook question 5J.5
Keep in mind that this method of determining the direction of the reaction can only be used if the pressure is increased via compression. If the pressure were to be increased by the addition of inert, noble gases, then this would have no effect of the reaction. The real reason why compression forces...
- Mon Jan 13, 2020 2:39 pm
- Forum: Equilibrium Constants & Calculating Concentrations
- Topic: Textbook question 5.35
- Replies: 2
- Views: 101
Re: Textbook question 5.35
a) Set up a quick ice table. We estimate the initial concentrations to be A=27, B=C=0. The change will be: A goes from 28 to 18, B goes from 0 to 5, and C goes from 0 to 10. We can see that the differences between initial and final concentration are in multiples of 5 (A = -10, B = +5, and C = +10). ...
- Mon Jan 13, 2020 2:30 pm
- Forum: Equilibrium Constants & Calculating Concentrations
- Topic: Kp and Kc
- Replies: 4
- Views: 198
Re: Kp and Kc
Typically, if you are given a reaction with all reactants and products in the gas phase (and their units are given in partial pressures, not concentration) then it's assumed you're supposed to use Kp. If you do, just denote it. You could technically still calculate Kc in this scenario (where all the...
- Mon Jan 13, 2020 2:27 pm
- Forum: Non-Equilibrium Conditions & The Reaction Quotient
- Topic: 5I.13
- Replies: 4
- Views: 1064
Re: 5I.13
a) convert Cl2 to mol/L (for concentration) first. Then, set up your ice table (start with 0.0010 M Cl2 and 0 M Cl). You don't know how much of Cl2 was used up, so you represent the change as -x. Plug in the expressions at equilibrium into the expression for K, which is in terms of x. Use algebra to...
- Mon Jan 13, 2020 2:21 pm
- Forum: Equilibrium Constants & Calculating Concentrations
- Topic: Equilibrium constant for water
- Replies: 3
- Views: 113
Re: Equilibrium constant for water
H2O is a solvent, and we omit all solvents from the K expression since they will be in large excess compared to the concentrations of the other aqueous reactants and products. Its concentration will not change after equilibrium is met, so it is insignificant and can be omitted from the K expression.
- Mon Jan 06, 2020 7:07 pm
- Forum: Equilibrium Constants & Calculating Concentrations
- Topic: 5G.3
- Replies: 8
- Views: 500
Re: 5G.3
In this case, since all the reactants and products for both reactions are in the gas phase, it is easier to derive the Kp if given the units for the gases. This is because Kp is another way to write the equilibrium constant, but for a reaction with all gases since each reactant and product will have...
- Mon Jan 06, 2020 7:01 pm
- Forum: Equilibrium Constants & Calculating Concentrations
- Topic: Equilibrium Constant
- Replies: 3
- Views: 101
Re: Equilibrium Constant
If a molecule that is more stable than the previous molecule can form, then it will readily form this new molecule, since nature favors stability. Therefore, if a product is more stable than the reactants, as the reaction proceeds, more product will form, resulting in a higher equilibrium constant s...
- Mon Jan 06, 2020 5:34 pm
- Forum: Equilibrium Constants & Calculating Concentrations
- Topic: Equilibrium Constant
- Replies: 8
- Views: 375
Re: Equilibrium Constant
The equilibrium constant is written as Kc when you use the concentrations of the reactants and products in the formula, in mol/L. The equilibrium constant is written as Kp when you use the partial pressures instead of the concentrations for the equation. You cannot mix concentrations and partial pre...
- Mon Jan 06, 2020 5:31 pm
- Forum: Equilibrium Constants & Calculating Concentrations
- Topic: Writing expression for K
- Replies: 5
- Views: 196
Re: Writing expression for K
You can use partial pressures when all the reactants and products of a reaction are in the gas phase and when the units are in the gas phase (bar, atm, mmHg, Torr, etc). You normally use concentrations when other phases other than the gas phase are involved in the reaction, and you can use PV=nRT to...
- Mon Jan 06, 2020 5:26 pm
- Forum: Equilibrium Constants & Calculating Concentrations
- Topic: Reactant Quotient vs Equilibrium Constant
- Replies: 3
- Views: 114
Re: Reactant Quotient vs Equilibrium Constant
You would calculate the reactant quotient when you want to determine whether the reaction will proceed in the forward or the backward direction, assuming that the reaction is currently not at equilibrium. If the reactant quotient is greater than the equilibrium constant, then the reaction will proce...
- Sat Dec 07, 2019 10:35 pm
- Forum: Naming
- Topic: naming ligands in alphabetical order
- Replies: 2
- Views: 80
naming ligands in alphabetical order
When naming coordination compounds given their formula, just to make sure, for NC (isocyano) and NCS (isothiocyanato), when alphabetizing the ligands you would could the first letter of each of these ligands as "i," correct? So for [Fe(NC)3F3]6- it would be trifluorotriisocyanoferrate(VI)?...
- Sat Dec 07, 2019 12:18 pm
- Forum: Calculating pH or pOH for Strong & Weak Acids & Bases
- Topic: pH of a solution
- Replies: 2
- Views: 247
pH of a solution
Lyndon sees his crush and panics, accidentally dropping 382.7 mg of HCl and 147.1 mg CaO into a 1L flask. After filling that flask with water up to the 1L mark, what is the pH of the resulting solution?
- Sat Dec 07, 2019 11:49 am
- Forum: Biological Examples
- Topic: heme complex chelating?
- Replies: 3
- Views: 318
heme complex chelating?
Is the porphyrin ligand bound to Fe, which forms a heme complex, chelating? Do we also need to know the shape of myooglobin, which is octahedral? But the shape of the heme complex is square planar..
- Fri Dec 06, 2019 11:49 pm
- Forum: Bronsted Acids & Bases
- Topic: TM cation acting as Lewis acids
- Replies: 1
- Views: 120
TM cation acting as Lewis acids
One example Dr. Lavelle did in lecture was [FeCl2(H2O)4], where the charge on iron was +3, so the charge on the overall molecule was +1. Because Fe was a highly charged, small cation, it weakened the O-H bond on one of the H2O's, releasing a proton and therefore acting as a Bronsted acid. It did thi...
- Fri Dec 06, 2019 11:34 pm
- Forum: Interionic and Intermolecular Forces (Ion-Ion, Ion-Dipole, Dipole-Dipole, Dipole-Induced Dipole, Dispersion/Induced Dipole-Induced Dipole/London Forces, Hydrogen Bonding)
- Topic: is h-bonding different than dipole-dipole
- Replies: 3
- Views: 399
is h-bonding different than dipole-dipole
Is hydrogen bonding a form of dipole-dipole force, and if not, do we have to list both in a molecule like NH3?
- Fri Dec 06, 2019 5:27 pm
- Forum: Calculating the pH of Salt Solutions
- Topic: salts of weak bases/acids
- Replies: 2
- Views: 229
salts of weak bases/acids
Explain why salts of weak bases produce acidic solutions and salts of weak acids produce basic solutions. Also, how do we determine whether the salt produced during a titration makes the solution acidic or basic?
- Fri Dec 06, 2019 5:02 pm
- Forum: Naming
- Topic: naming formula for coordination compounds
- Replies: 1
- Views: 187
naming formula for coordination compounds
When writing the chemical formula for a coordination compound given its name, is there a particular order we write the anionic ligands or neutral ligands in if there are multiple? I know that you write the metal cation first, then anion ligands if any, then neutral ligands. For example, if there are...
- Thu Dec 05, 2019 12:08 pm
- Forum: Naming
- Topic: amine or ammine
- Replies: 2
- Views: 118
amine or ammine
When naming complex ions I've noticed that some people use amine to represent (NH3), while some use ammine. Is there a difference? Does it matter which we use? Also, I've noticed that dien and en use "amine" instead of ammine when writing out the full names of these structures: diethylenet...
- Wed Dec 04, 2019 8:17 pm
- Forum: Calculating pH or pOH for Strong & Weak Acids & Bases
- Topic: help with 6B.9
- Replies: 2
- Views: 175
help with 6B.9
I tried using the relationships pH= -log[H3O+], [H3O+][OH-]= 1.0x10^-14, etc, but I can't seem to get the right values for filling out the table.
Re: "Ferrate"
when the transition metal is part of a complex ion that is negatively charged, you would name it using its latin prefix and adding -ate at the end instead of just using its regular name. I would say you should probably know a few of the common latin names besides iron like copper (which is cuprate) ...
- Wed Dec 04, 2019 7:19 pm
- Forum: Acidity & Basicity Constants and The Conjugate Seesaw
- Topic: 6C. 19 part C
- Replies: 1
- Views: 183
Re: 6C. 19 part C
In both HBrO2 and HClO2, the H+ atom is bonded to an O, not Cl and Br. If the H+ were bonded to the Cl or Br, then you would be correct in that the H-Br is a weaker bond than H-Cl, making it a stronger acid. However, this is not the case. To determine the acid that is stronger, we would have to look...
- Mon Dec 02, 2019 11:37 am
- Forum: Calculating the pH of Salt Solutions
- Topic: 6D.11 E
- Replies: 1
- Views: 165
Re: 6D.11 E
To show a chemical reaction of an acid reacting with water, the acid should donate one of its protons to water to form hydronium. However, since AlCl3 doesn't have any protons, it must first be hydrated with water. This makes sense since Al is a transition metal, and transition metals react with wat...
- Mon Dec 02, 2019 11:33 am
- Forum: Properties & Structures of Inorganic & Organic Acids
- Topic: Resonance Hybrid
- Replies: 4
- Views: 243
Re: Resonance Hybrid
If an anion from an acid after losing its H+ has resonance, then this resulting anion is more stable because the negative charge of the overall anion is delocalized. Since nature favors stability, the acid would continue to give away more of its H+ if the anion is stable compared to other acids with...
- Mon Dec 02, 2019 11:31 am
- Forum: Lewis Acids & Bases
- Topic: Oxoacids
- Replies: 6
- Views: 399
Re: Oxoacids
An oxoacid is a compound that contains hydrogen, oxygen, and at least one other element, with at least one hydrogen atom bond to oxygen that can dissociate to produce the H⁺ cation and the anion of the acid. Oxoacids are stronger if they have more oxygen atoms, have very electronegative anions, or h...
- Mon Dec 02, 2019 11:28 am
- Forum: Bronsted Acids & Bases
- Topic: Acid strength
- Replies: 2
- Views: 115
Re: Acid strength
For HI, Iodine is a much larger and less electronegative atom than Fluorine, so it exerts a much weaker pull on H+. As a result, HI has a weaker bond, allowing it to dissociate to a much greater extent than HF. Since the strength of an acid is directly proportional to how much it is able to dissocia...
- Mon Dec 02, 2019 11:20 am
- Forum: Lewis Acids & Bases
- Topic: 6D.11
- Replies: 1
- Views: 94
Re: 6D.11
Since Al and Cu are both transition metals, when AlCl3 and Cu(NO3)2 react with water, they become hydrated and form coordination compounds or complex ions. Al and Cu in particular like to form octahedral complexes and bind to 6 water molecules. They are both aqueous since they are dissolved in water.
- Mon Nov 25, 2019 8:57 am
- Forum: Biological Examples
- Topic: TM switching between oxidation states
- Replies: 1
- Views: 122
Re: TM switching between oxidation states
Transition metals can have multiple oxidation states because of their many electrons in the d subshell. The transition metals have several electrons in this shell with similar energies, so different numbers of them can be oxidized, depending the circumstances, resulting in different oxidation states...
- Mon Nov 25, 2019 8:53 am
- Forum: Determining Molecular Shape (VSEPR)
- Topic: Molecular shape and central atom
- Replies: 3
- Views: 219
Re: Molecular shape and central atom
The atoms in Group 12 are transition metals, so they would likely either form ionic compounds with nonmetals or coordination compounds with ligands. There is no real way to determine a molecule's shape just looking at the central atom. You would have to determine which molecule you want to look at f...
- Mon Nov 25, 2019 8:50 am
- Forum: Biological Examples
- Topic: biological application
- Replies: 2
- Views: 129
Re: biological application
Dr. Lavelle mentioned many examples of biological applications in lecture, but I wouldn't say any one of them is more important than the other. Some examples he talked about was Cisplatin (cis-diamine-dichloro-platinum(II), a chemo drug which forms a coordination compound w/ DNA to stop cell divisio...
- Mon Nov 25, 2019 8:42 am
- Forum: Ionic & Covalent Bonds
- Topic: ligands
- Replies: 7
- Views: 1646
Re: ligands
A ligand is an ion or molecule that binds to a central metal atom to form a coordination complex, and the nature of the bonding with the metal ion can range from covalent to ionic. Ligands can be neutral or anions. Some examples of neutral ligands are H20, NH3, NO, and CO. Some anion ligands are any...
- Mon Nov 25, 2019 8:38 am
- Forum: Determining Molecular Shape (VSEPR)
- Topic: Bond Angle of Single Electron of A Free Radical
- Replies: 4
- Views: 1062
Re: Bond Angle of Single Electron of A Free Radical
I would think that since a radical is only 1 electron, it would cause less repulsion than a lone pair since it has 2. Therefore, I would conclude that a radical results in larger bond angles than if it was a lone pair because it repulses the other bonds less.
- Mon Nov 18, 2019 8:53 pm
- Forum: Determining Molecular Shape (VSEPR)
- Topic: Trigonal Bipyramidal
- Replies: 5
- Views: 141
Re: Trigonal Bipyramidal
Yep, electron arrangement is only determined using the # of regions of electron density, while the molecule's shape is determined using the actual number of lone pairs and bond pairs. This means that molecules with different shapes (and different formulas, ex: AX4E for SF4) can have the same electro...
- Mon Nov 18, 2019 8:50 pm
- Forum: Determining Molecular Shape (VSEPR)
- Topic: Pi bond
- Replies: 4
- Views: 102
Re: Pi bond
Yes, if you tried to rotate a molecule along its double bond, the pi bond would break. This would only occur during a chemical reaction. You can only rotate molecules along their sigma bonds since doing this would not break the bond.
- Mon Nov 18, 2019 8:48 pm
- Forum: Interionic and Intermolecular Forces (Ion-Ion, Ion-Dipole, Dipole-Dipole, Dipole-Induced Dipole, Dispersion/Induced Dipole-Induced Dipole/London Forces, Hydrogen Bonding)
- Topic: Intermolecular Forces in CO2
- Replies: 4
- Views: 1523
Re: Intermolecular Forces in CO2
CO2 only has London dispersion forces, or induced dipole - induced dipole interactions. Even though CO2 has polar bonds, the molecule is nonpolar because the dipoole moments cancel out. A nonpolar molecule cannot have dipole-dipole interactions. Only polar molecules can.
- Mon Nov 18, 2019 8:43 pm
- Forum: Determining Molecular Shape (VSEPR)
- Topic: Lone Pairs
- Replies: 3
- Views: 131
Re: Lone Pairs
Lone pairs have a stronger repulsion than bonding pairs because bonding pairs are farther away from the central atom since it needs to be connected to the sharing atom. Also, lone pairs are delocalized, meaning they are more spread out than bonding pairs and therefore fill more volume. They are also...
- Mon Nov 18, 2019 8:40 pm
- Forum: Hybridization
- Topic: quickest way to find hybridization
- Replies: 1
- Views: 185
Re: quickest way to find hybridization
The easiest way is to find the # of regions of electron density first by drawing the correct Lewis structure. Once you have found this number, you can determine the number of hybrid orbitals. Make sure the total number of orbitals and electrons remain the same before and after hybridization and that...
- Wed Nov 13, 2019 11:30 am
- Forum: Determining Molecular Shape (VSEPR)
- Topic: Single/Double Bonds in Resonance
- Replies: 6
- Views: 367
Re: Single/Double Bonds in Resonance
All of the different Lewis structures contribute to the resonance model since it is a blend of these structures. Because of this, all of the bond lengths in this type of atom are the same, but are in between a single and double bond's length. However, resonance does not affect a molecule's bond angl...
- Wed Nov 13, 2019 11:22 am
- Forum: Interionic and Intermolecular Forces (Ion-Ion, Ion-Dipole, Dipole-Dipole, Dipole-Induced Dipole, Dispersion/Induced Dipole-Induced Dipole/London Forces, Hydrogen Bonding)
- Topic: intermolecular forces
- Replies: 8
- Views: 548
Re: intermolecular forces
There are only dipole - dipole interactions when the overall molecule has a dipole. This is the case for a) and c) since the dipoles within the molecule do not cancel each other out and result in an overall dipole moment for the entire molecule. However, for d), even though the s-o bond is polar, th...
- Wed Nov 13, 2019 11:19 am
- Forum: Interionic and Intermolecular Forces (Ion-Ion, Ion-Dipole, Dipole-Dipole, Dipole-Induced Dipole, Dispersion/Induced Dipole-Induced Dipole/London Forces, Hydrogen Bonding)
- Topic: Covalent bonding
- Replies: 5
- Views: 354
Re: Covalent bonding
Intermolecular forces occur between two molecules, not between two atoms. Examples of intermolecular forces include induced dipole - induced dipole (LDFs), induced dipole - dipole, dipole - dipole, ion - dipole, and ion - ion (in order of increasing strength). Induced dipole - induced dipole forces ...
- Wed Nov 13, 2019 11:16 am
- Forum: Interionic and Intermolecular Forces (Ion-Ion, Ion-Dipole, Dipole-Dipole, Dipole-Induced Dipole, Dispersion/Induced Dipole-Induced Dipole/London Forces, Hydrogen Bonding)
- Topic: Intermolecular forces
- Replies: 1
- Views: 63
Re: Intermolecular forces
Van der waals is just another way of saying London forces, which are also known as induced dipole - induced dipole forces. All molecules have these forces, whether they are polar or not. When two molecules get close to each other, their electron distributions fluctuate, resulting in induced dipoles ...
- Wed Nov 13, 2019 11:12 am
- Forum: Interionic and Intermolecular Forces (Ion-Ion, Ion-Dipole, Dipole-Dipole, Dipole-Induced Dipole, Dispersion/Induced Dipole-Induced Dipole/London Forces, Hydrogen Bonding)
- Topic: hydrogen bonding
- Replies: 3
- Views: 176
Re: hydrogen bonding
You should also remember that hydrogen bonding is the actually the intermolecular attraction between the hydrogen atom covalently bonded to O, N, of F and another O, N, or F with an available lone pair.
- Mon Nov 04, 2019 4:53 pm
- Forum: Polarisability of Anions, The Polarizing Power of Cations
- Topic: Highly Polarized
- Replies: 2
- Views: 194
Re: Highly Polarized
Highly distorted electrons (from a large anion with weaker pull, for example) are described as being highly polarizable, which results in an ionic bond with more covalent character. Ions which cause large distortions have high polarizing power (cation). Anions usually have strong pulls, while cation...
- Mon Nov 04, 2019 4:44 pm
- Forum: Lewis Structures
- Topic: 2B.1b
- Replies: 3
- Views: 185
Re: 2B.1b
The structure that you have drawn has formal charges of 0 on the Cl and O, however the C has a formal charge of +2 since it only has 2 bonds. It also shows 26 valence electrons instead of 24. In order for the formal charges on all the elements to be 0, Carbon must be placed in the middle and have a ...
- Mon Nov 04, 2019 4:40 pm
- Forum: Polarisability of Anions, The Polarizing Power of Cations
- Topic: Large Anion + Small Cation
- Replies: 2
- Views: 406
Re: Large Anion + Small Cation
The ionic bond behaves more covalent when you have a large anion and small cation, since the anion has a lower electronegativity and the cation has a higher electronegativity. This results in covalent-like behaviors since the cation and anion are more likely to share the electrons between them, rath...
- Mon Nov 04, 2019 4:37 pm
- Forum: Formal Charge and Oxidation Numbers
- Topic: Formal Charge
- Replies: 9
- Views: 328
Re: Formal Charge
To determine the most stable Lewis structure, you would see which one has the most formal charges that are closest to 0. Molecules that have a net positive or net negative charge will inevitably have one or two elements that do not have a formal charge of 0, since a molecule's formal charges are sup...
- Mon Nov 04, 2019 4:33 pm
- Forum: Administrative Questions and Class Announcements
- Topic: Midterm Electron Configuration
- Replies: 5
- Views: 293
Re: Midterm Electron Configuration
Professor Lavelle said in lecture previously that we would not be focusing on elements including the f-block. However, we did do that example in lecture today with an element that included the f-block. For studying, I would focus on elements including the d-block, but know how to do an electron conf...
- Mon Oct 28, 2019 10:01 pm
- Forum: Trends in The Periodic Table
- Topic: Effective nuclear charge
- Replies: 3
- Views: 233
Re: Effective nuclear charge
I'm not sure how to exactly calculate the effective nuclear charge felt by an electron when there's electron shielding. Professor Lavelle said in lecture that the outer electrons feel a reduced electrostatic attraction to the nucleus, resulting in an effective nuclear charge. It's not quite clear ho...
- Mon Oct 28, 2019 9:57 pm
- Forum: Ionic & Covalent Bonds
- Topic: How to count valence electrons with the d block
- Replies: 4
- Views: 331
Re: How to count valence electrons with the d block
The 3d shell is a continuation of the n=3 shell, so it does not play any role in affecting the number of valence electrons. The number of valence electrons is determined by the number of electrons in the outermost shell. The outermost shell for period 4 elements is the n=4 shell, therefore these tra...
- Mon Oct 28, 2019 9:54 pm
- Forum: Ionic & Covalent Bonds
- Topic: 2A23 Part E
- Replies: 4
- Views: 566
Re: 2A23 Part E
Bismuth is one of the weird elements that doesn't always follow the typical rules or have the usual characteristics of one of the first 18 atoms. When you see the roman numeral "III" just know that it is a cation with a charge of +3. I don't think we would have to memorize this cation of B...
- Mon Oct 28, 2019 9:50 pm
- Forum: Bohr Frequency Condition, H-Atom , Atomic Spectroscopy
- Topic: Rydberg formula
- Replies: 2
- Views: 151
Re: Rydberg formula
The En=hR/n^2 formula represents the energy an electron has when it is in the nth shell. The Rydberg equation, 1/wavelength=Rh((1/n1^2)-(1/n2^2), is derived from the change in energy formula, which is final energy - initial energy, meaning that it is delta E = Ef=hR/n^2 - Ei=hR/n^2. To get the Rydbe...
- Mon Oct 28, 2019 11:21 am
- Forum: Lewis Structures
- Topic: Multiple Elements in a Molecule
- Replies: 1
- Views: 70
Re: Multiple Elements in a Molecule
Usually the atom with the lowest ionization energy or lowest electronegativity goes in the center of the atom. This is because this atom is less likely to hold onto its valence electrons tightly and more likely to share its electrons with other atoms. In the case with ONF, Nitrogen should go in the ...
- Mon Oct 21, 2019 3:03 pm
- Forum: *Shrodinger Equation
- Topic: Calculating the probability of finding an electron at a certain location
- Replies: 5
- Views: 446
Re: Calculating the probability of finding an electron at a certain location
If you use Heisenberg's Indeterminacy Equation, you will find that the change in position and change in momentum variables are inversely related. Meaning, if you design your experiment so that you minimize the error found in its position, you will have a large error in momentum (velocity since mass ...