Search found 103 matches
- Fri Mar 13, 2020 3:44 pm
- Forum: Experimental Details
- Topic: Collision Theory
- Replies: 8
- Views: 1210
Re: Collision Theory
You should probably know that collisions need to have the appropriate amount of energy to break a bond and also be correctly oriented in order for a new molecule to form. This is also why we only cover up to second-order reactions, since it's much more difficult to get 3 or more molecules to all co...
- Fri Mar 13, 2020 3:29 pm
- Forum: First Order Reactions
- Topic: Half Life
- Replies: 13
- Views: 798
Re: Half Life
You'll most likely be asked to find the half-life of something you want to know the age of. By comparing how much of the reactant there was initially versus how much of it exists now, and by knowing the half-life, you should be able to calculate how old a substance is.
- Fri Mar 13, 2020 3:02 pm
- Forum: Method of Initial Rates (To Determine n and k)
- Topic: Slowest step
- Replies: 38
- Views: 1391
Re: Slowest step
The slowest step acts as a bottleneck so that, no matter how fast the rest of the reaction occurs, the overall reaction cannot be completed until the slowest step is done.
- Fri Mar 13, 2020 2:53 pm
- Forum: Method of Initial Rates (To Determine n and k)
- Topic: Slow step
- Replies: 7
- Views: 536
Re: Slow step
The problem will most likely specify which of the steps is the slow step. You will probably be asked if a proposed mechanism matches the observed rate law, but you won't need to actually calculate a value for the slow step.
- Fri Mar 13, 2020 2:48 pm
- Forum: First Order Reactions
- Topic: size
- Replies: 6
- Views: 491
Re: size
I would assume that it would make it easier for the molecules to collide if they were bigger in size, so it is possible that the rate would increase, but I'm not too sure.
- Fri Mar 06, 2020 10:38 am
- Forum: Appications of the Nernst Equation (e.g., Concentration Cells, Non-Standard Cell Potentials, Calculating Equilibrium Constants and pH)
- Topic: E° vs E
- Replies: 7
- Views: 478
Re: E° vs E
The standard cell potential can be figured out through given values and occurs at standards conditions. The cell potential can occur at any condition and can be figured out if you know the standard cell potential and the value of Q.
- Fri Mar 06, 2020 10:34 am
- Forum: Galvanic/Voltaic Cells, Calculating Standard Cell Potentials, Cell Diagrams
- Topic: Adding Pt(s) to a Cell Diagram
- Replies: 14
- Views: 825
Re: Adding Pt(s) to a Cell Diagram
Platinum is added as an inert conductor for the movement of electrons in a galvanic cell when no solid is present to do this already.
- Fri Mar 06, 2020 10:31 am
- Forum: Galvanic/Voltaic Cells, Calculating Standard Cell Potentials, Cell Diagrams
- Topic: Signs of Enaught
- Replies: 7
- Views: 553
Re: Signs of Enaught
You can think of a galvanic cell as a battery. When the standard cell potential is negative, the cell's battery is essentially dead and would need an external source of power to keep it running. When it is positive, it doesn't need this source of power since the reaction is spontaneous (which is why...
- Fri Mar 06, 2020 10:26 am
- Forum: Galvanic/Voltaic Cells, Calculating Standard Cell Potentials, Cell Diagrams
- Topic: Purpose of Electrode
- Replies: 9
- Views: 661
Re: Purpose of Electrode
The electrodes are what allow for the movement of electrons from one side of a galvanic cell to the other. Platinum is used as an inert conductor (it doesn't affect the reaction) when there are no conducting solids already present in the reaction.
- Fri Mar 06, 2020 10:24 am
- Forum: Galvanic/Voltaic Cells, Calculating Standard Cell Potentials, Cell Diagrams
- Topic: Reducing Mass of Electrode
- Replies: 6
- Views: 585
Re: Reducing Mass of Electrode
Changing the mass of the electrode shouldn't affect the cell potential since cell potential is only affected by things like concentration, which solids don't play a part in.
- Fri Feb 28, 2020 6:18 pm
- Forum: Appications of the Nernst Equation (e.g., Concentration Cells, Non-Standard Cell Potentials, Calculating Equilibrium Constants and pH)
- Topic: Why is E Standard=0 in a concentration cell?
- Replies: 4
- Views: 356
Re: Why is E Standard=0 in a concentration cell?
E standard = 0 in a concentration cell since you're essentially dealing with the same reaction occurring in both directions. The E standard of the reduction half-reaction is just the negative value of the E standard of the oxidation half-reaction, and so when you add them together, you get that the ...
- Fri Feb 28, 2020 6:14 pm
- Forum: Appications of the Nernst Equation (e.g., Concentration Cells, Non-Standard Cell Potentials, Calculating Equilibrium Constants and pH)
- Topic: reducing/oxidizing agents
- Replies: 7
- Views: 514
Re: reducing/oxidizing agents
Reducing agents are the ones being oxidized because, in order for them to become oxidized, they must give up electrons. And so, by giving up those electrons, they are acting as a reducing agent for whatever is being reduced. The opposite goes for oxidizing agents being the ones who are reduced.
- Fri Feb 28, 2020 5:49 pm
- Forum: Balancing Redox Reactions
- Topic: How to tell if its being reduced or oxidized
- Replies: 15
- Views: 1909
Re: How to tell if its being reduced or oxidized
It's important to look at the charge of the element you're working with rather than that of the entire compound when deciding if it is being oxidized or reduced. So although MnO4- has a 1- charge on the outside, that refers to the charge of the entire compound. Since oxygens always have a 2- charge ...
- Fri Feb 28, 2020 5:41 pm
- Forum: Appications of the Nernst Equation (e.g., Concentration Cells, Non-Standard Cell Potentials, Calculating Equilibrium Constants and pH)
- Topic: Pt(s) use
- Replies: 5
- Views: 349
Re: Pt(s) use
If there is not already a conducting solid present in the reaction, then an inert conductor (like platinum) can be used as an electrode to transfer electrons between the half-reactions of the cell.
- Fri Feb 28, 2020 5:39 pm
- Forum: General Rate Laws
- Topic: Deriving the Rate Equation
- Replies: 5
- Views: 444
Re: Deriving the Rate Equation
I don't think Prof Lavelle would ask us to derive the equation on the final since his exams have to do more with applying the concepts we've learned rather than just reproducing the information he's given us. Instead, you should study what the difference between a differential rate law and integrate...
- Thu Feb 20, 2020 11:43 am
- Forum: Balancing Redox Reactions
- Topic: Balancing half reactions
- Replies: 11
- Views: 656
Re: Balancing half reactions
We haven't talked much yet about properly balancing half-reactions, but I know that there are a lot more steps involved, such as adding H2O to balance any oxygens and adding H+ to balance any hydrogens. The number of electrons you add should be to properly balance the charges on both sides, and yes ...
- Thu Feb 20, 2020 11:35 am
- Forum: Galvanic/Voltaic Cells, Calculating Standard Cell Potentials, Cell Diagrams
- Topic: Purpose of Salt Bridge
- Replies: 12
- Views: 769
Re: Purpose of Salt Bridge
With the movement of electrons from the anode to the cathode, the charges of the solutions in a galvanic cell can buildup to be increasingly positive and negative. When this buildup of charge occurs, it can stop the movement of the electrons since they wouldn't want to continue moving towards an inc...
- Thu Feb 20, 2020 11:32 am
- Forum: Gibbs Free Energy Concepts and Calculations
- Topic: Spontaneous
- Replies: 23
- Views: 1143
Re: Spontaneous
A reaction is spontaneous if it has a negative delta G (meaning it also proceeds in the forward direction towards the products). When delta G is 0, the reaction is at equilibrium since the free energy of the products equals the free energy of the reactants and no more work can be done.
- Thu Feb 20, 2020 11:28 am
- Forum: Galvanic/Voltaic Cells, Calculating Standard Cell Potentials, Cell Diagrams
- Topic: Cathode to the Right Rule
- Replies: 6
- Views: 444
Re: Cathode to the Right Rule
Whenever you see any type of visual diagram for a galvanic cell, it's standard for the cathode (and thus reduction) to be represented on the right.
- Thu Feb 20, 2020 11:22 am
- Forum: Galvanic/Voltaic Cells, Calculating Standard Cell Potentials, Cell Diagrams
- Topic: Homework Problem 6L.1
- Replies: 2
- Views: 175
Re: Homework Problem 6L.1
It helps to separate the equation into its two half-reactions and balance both. When you do this, you're forced to think about how many electrons are transferred in order for the charges on both sides to be balanced, and from there you can plug in the number of moles of electrons into the equation y...
- Thu Feb 13, 2020 11:43 am
- Forum: Entropy Changes Due to Changes in Volume and Temperature
- Topic: entropy and pressure
- Replies: 2
- Views: 193
Re: entropy and pressure
We know that delta s = nRln(V2/V1). Since pressure and volume have an inverse relationship, delta S = nRln(P1/P2).
- Thu Feb 13, 2020 11:40 am
- Forum: Entropy Changes Due to Changes in Volume and Temperature
- Topic: S vs Stotal
- Replies: 7
- Views: 504
Re: S vs Stotal
Typically delta S refers to the delta S of the system while delta S total (delta S of the system + delta S of the surroundings) refers to the delta S of the universe.
- Thu Feb 13, 2020 11:37 am
- Forum: Concepts & Calculations Using Second Law of Thermodynamics
- Topic: entropy of surr vs entropy of system vs total entropy
- Replies: 3
- Views: 258
Re: entropy of surr vs entropy of system vs total entropy
delta s total refers to the universe and the delta s system + surr are self explanatory (your system and whatever you define as your surroundings). An example is a cup and a bench. The cup is my system and its on my surroundings (the bench). The key concept is that for a reversible system delta S t...
- Thu Feb 13, 2020 11:33 am
- Forum: Calculating Work of Expansion
- Topic: Isothermal Irreversible
- Replies: 6
- Views: 1364
Isothermal Irreversible
Does anyone know how to calculate isothermal irreversible expansion? How does it differ from calculations for isothermal reversible expansion?
- Thu Feb 13, 2020 11:30 am
- Forum: Concepts & Calculations Using First Law of Thermodynamics
- Topic: adiabatic
- Replies: 19
- Views: 982
Re: adiabatic
Maya Beal Dis 1D wrote:Would this mean that the change in enthalpy for an adiabtic process is also zero?
I think that the change in enthalpy would also be zero for cases in which the pressure is constant since only at constant pressure is heat equal to the enthalpy.
- Fri Feb 07, 2020 1:34 pm
- Forum: Heat Capacities, Calorimeters & Calorimetry Calculations
- Topic: Expansion work/ Compression
- Replies: 7
- Views: 354
Re: Expansion work/ Compression
Things like work and heat should always be approached from the point of view of the system. Just as when heat is being applied to a system and delta H is a positive value, when work is being done on/to a system, the value of work is positive. When the system is doing work to its surroundings, work i...
- Fri Feb 07, 2020 1:31 pm
- Forum: Concepts & Calculations Using First Law of Thermodynamics
- Topic: Entropy
- Replies: 4
- Views: 162
Re: Entropy
Entropy is more of an extensive property because as you increase the amount of the substances (take for example the number of gas particles in a container), you increase the possible number of positions (the entropy).
- Fri Feb 07, 2020 1:28 pm
- Forum: Calculating Work of Expansion
- Topic: Isothermal
- Replies: 17
- Views: 692
Re: Isothermal
Celine 1F wrote:If the expansion of the gas is isothermal, then this means the temperature remains constant and delta U = 0
Could you explain why delta U would equal 0? I'm a little confused about the connection between temperature and delta U.
- Fri Feb 07, 2020 1:25 pm
- Forum: Concepts & Calculations Using Second Law of Thermodynamics
- Topic: Irreversible v Reversible
- Replies: 4
- Views: 233
Re: Irreversible v Reversible
One important thing to note about the difference between reversible and irreversible processes is that reversible processes are slower (work is done in small increments) but the overall work done is more than that of irreversible processes (which are faster but less efficient). This has to do with t...
- Fri Feb 07, 2020 1:21 pm
- Forum: Heat Capacities, Calorimeters & Calorimetry Calculations
- Topic: ∆U and ∆H
- Replies: 6
- Views: 256
Re: ∆U and ∆H
Delta U denotes a change in internal energy while delta H is used for a change in enthalpy. At constant pressure, delta H = q (heat). Since delta U = q + w (heat + work), at constant pressure, delta U = delta H + w too.
- Thu Jan 30, 2020 11:38 am
- Forum: Heat Capacities, Calorimeters & Calorimetry Calculations
- Topic: qp and qv
- Replies: 8
- Views: 345
Re: qp and qv
By definition, enthalpy is the amount of heat absorbed/released at a constant pressure. So that means that delta H only equals qp rather than qv.
- Thu Jan 30, 2020 11:36 am
- Forum: Reaction Enthalpies (e.g., Using Hess’s Law, Bond Enthalpies, Standard Enthalpies of Formation)
- Topic: Delta H v. q
- Replies: 5
- Views: 242
Re: Delta H v. q
Delta H is equal to q only when the gas is at a constant pressure. By definition, enthalpy (deltaH) is the amount of heat released/absorbed at a CONSTANT PRESSURE, so the heat required to change temp of gas at a constant pressure is the same as enthalpy. So does that mean that the same does not hol...
- Thu Jan 30, 2020 11:24 am
- Forum: Reaction Enthalpies (e.g., Using Hess’s Law, Bond Enthalpies, Standard Enthalpies of Formation)
- Topic: Delta H v. q
- Replies: 5
- Views: 242
Re: Delta H v. q
Do you know why or how delta H is equal to qp? What about the constant pressure makes the two equal?
- Thu Jan 30, 2020 11:19 am
- Forum: Phase Changes & Related Calculations
- Topic: 4B.1
- Replies: 6
- Views: 201
Re: 4B.1
It's always a good idea to think of both work and heat from the perspective of the system. We know that endothermic reactions are categorized with a +delta H since they are taking in heat. With that same concept, we can think of positive work or heat as being applied to the system. If heat is added ...
- Thu Jan 30, 2020 11:13 am
- Forum: Reaction Enthalpies (e.g., Using Hess’s Law, Bond Enthalpies, Standard Enthalpies of Formation)
- Topic: State Functions
- Replies: 6
- Views: 159
Re: State Functions
Heat and work are not state functions because the way to get to the final endpoint can be done so using different paths in which one expends more energy than the other. Getting from one place to another is not all that matters; it matters, however, how much heat and work you use up to get there.
- Thu Jan 30, 2020 11:10 am
- Forum: Thermodynamic Definitions (isochoric/isometric, isothermal, isobaric)
- Topic: How are qp and qv different?
- Replies: 3
- Views: 109
Re: How are qp and qv different?
qp is enthalpy at constant pressure and qv is at constant volume. They are used when finding enthalpy/delta H but also find change in internal energy which is q + w so q can either be qp or qv depending on the given conditions I know that qp is another way to describe enthalpy, but can qv also be u...
- Thu Jan 23, 2020 12:12 pm
- Forum: Applying Le Chatelier's Principle to Changes in Chemical & Physical Conditions
- Topic: Le chatelier and Temperature
- Replies: 9
- Views: 264
Re: Le chatelier and Temperature
If delta H is positive, the reaction is endothermic and takes in heat on the reactant side. Therefore, if the temperature were to increase, there would be more heat coming in on the left, forcing the reaction to favor the right (the product side) to balance itself out again.
- Thu Jan 23, 2020 12:08 pm
- Forum: Phase Changes & Related Calculations
- Topic: Adding and subtracting properties
- Replies: 6
- Views: 355
Re: Adding and subtracting properties
We can add the final and initial values for state properties since we don't care about what goes on in the middle of the process. Work and energy are different in which we want to look at how much is being used and wasted on the journey.
- Thu Jan 23, 2020 12:06 pm
- Forum: Applying Le Chatelier's Principle to Changes in Chemical & Physical Conditions
- Topic: Exothermic vs. Endothermic reactions
- Replies: 12
- Views: 914
Re: Exothermic vs. Endothermic reactions
You should expect to know how to determine if a reaction is exothermic or endothermic based on the value of delta H (a negative value signifies an exothermic reaction), the reaction's response to added heat (does the addition of heat cause the reaction to favor the left or right), and the stability ...
- Thu Jan 23, 2020 11:58 am
- Forum: Equilibrium Constants & Calculating Concentrations
- Topic: Water in K constant
- Replies: 6
- Views: 229
Re: Water in K constant
water is not included in the K constant when it is a solvent because it is viewed as pure. Liquids and solids are not included in the K constant since their concentrations do not significantly change. To add to this, since water is the solvent, it will be in excess and so its concentration will not...
- Thu Jan 23, 2020 11:55 am
- Forum: Equilibrium Constants & Calculating Concentrations
- Topic: 5% rule
- Replies: 13
- Views: 580
Re: 5% rule
Whenever you do any calculations involving ICE tables, you can use the 5% rule to ensure that your approximation that x is small is valid.
- Thu Jan 16, 2020 5:01 pm
- Forum: Equilibrium Constants & Calculating Concentrations
- Topic: Water in Equilibrium Constant Eq.
- Replies: 3
- Views: 148
Re: Water in Equilibrium Constant Eq.
In acid and base equilibria problems, the concentration of water is in large excess and therefore left essentially unchanged, leading us to omit it from K expressions.
- Thu Jan 16, 2020 4:58 pm
- Forum: Non-Equilibrium Conditions & The Reaction Quotient
- Topic: ICE and quadratic formula
- Replies: 11
- Views: 546
Re: ICE and quadratic formula
You can make your calculations quicker without having to use the quadratic formula when you approximate x. When Ka or Kb is small enough, x can be assumed to be insignificantly small in comparison to the initial concentration of weak acid or base given. As a result, rather than writing out the initi...
- Thu Jan 16, 2020 4:47 pm
- Forum: Equilibrium Constants & Calculating Concentrations
- Topic: When to find pressure for equilibrium problems
- Replies: 3
- Views: 122
Re: When to find pressure for equilibrium problems
Yea, you only need to find partial pressures if they ask you to find them. In equilibrium problems, they'll typically already provide you with concentrations which you can use instead of partial pressures (you just need to remember when to use Kc versus Kp).
- Thu Jan 16, 2020 4:43 pm
- Forum: Applying Le Chatelier's Principle to Changes in Chemical & Physical Conditions
- Topic: Endo/exothermic
- Replies: 3
- Views: 155
Re: Endo/exothermic
In this reaction, you're breaking a bond to get from X2 to 2X. Since energy is required to break a bond, the reaction is endothermic.
- Thu Jan 16, 2020 4:42 pm
- Forum: Calculating pH or pOH for Strong & Weak Acids & Bases
- Topic: Approximating -x
- Replies: 3
- Views: 118
Re: Approximating -x
You can approximate x only if the Ka or Kb value is small enough (less than 10^-3) since this will give you a very small x that would be an insignificant amount to remove from the bigger initial concentration of the weak acid or base they give you.
- Wed Jan 08, 2020 5:19 pm
- Forum: Equilibrium Constants & Calculating Concentrations
- Topic: units
- Replies: 3
- Views: 165
Re: units
By definition, the equilibrium constant has no units, as we're supposed to be using active masses instead of the molarity/ concentrations of the respective substances. During lecture, Dr. Lavelle talked about how in ideal situations, we assume that the activity equals the concentration, which is wh...
- Wed Jan 08, 2020 5:13 pm
- Forum: Ideal Gases
- Topic: Q and K
- Replies: 7
- Views: 247
Re: Q and K
K is a constant that only describes the [products]/[reactants] at equilibrium. Q can be calculated at any time during the reaction and is often compared to K in order to see if the reaction is moving in either the forward or reverse direction.
- Wed Jan 08, 2020 5:11 pm
- Forum: Equilibrium Constants & Calculating Concentrations
- Topic: Small K value and Large K value
- Replies: 10
- Views: 690
Re: Small K value and Large K value
In lecture, Lavelle said that if the value is between the two limits neither the reactant nor the product is favored and it is in a sort of intermediate state. Does that mean that we most likely won't be asked a question on whether the reactants or products are favored if the K value falls between ...
- Wed Jan 08, 2020 4:55 pm
- Forum: Equilibrium Constants & Calculating Concentrations
- Topic: Writing K expression with or without aq?
- Replies: 5
- Views: 288
Re: Writing K expression with or without aq?
If the reactants and products are in the aqueous state, then you should include them in your K expression (more specifically in regards to Kc).
- Wed Jan 08, 2020 4:53 pm
- Forum: Equilibrium Constants & Calculating Concentrations
- Topic: Kc and Kp
- Replies: 8
- Views: 268
Re: Kc and Kp
Whenever a question asks for the equilibrium constant, you have to figure out the phases of the reactants and products when you write out the reaction. If they are in the aqueous state, then use Kc. If they are in the gas phase, then use Kp. Writing out the entire reaction with all the phases will a...
- Mon Dec 02, 2019 5:34 pm
- Forum: Amphoteric Compounds
- Topic: water
- Replies: 3
- Views: 165
Re: water
Yes, water is amphoteric because it can act as both a base and acid (depending on what it is initially reacting with). When acting as a base, it will accept a proton to produce H3O+; when acting as an acid, it will donate a proton to produce OH-.
- Mon Dec 02, 2019 5:18 pm
- Forum: Biological Examples
- Topic: Chemotherapy
- Replies: 6
- Views: 428
Re: Chemotherapy
I'm pretty sure we only need to know about cisplatin since Dr. Lavelle discussed it in detail. It's good to know how it works rather than just knowing what it's used for. The reason why cisplatin is a useful chemotherapy drug is that its two Cl ligands (which are on the same side) get displaced by e...
- Mon Dec 02, 2019 5:13 pm
- Forum: Calculating pH or pOH for Strong & Weak Acids & Bases
- Topic: lecture example pKa Ka
- Replies: 2
- Views: 193
Re: lecture example pKa Ka
Anytime a Ka value is given, that alone is a good enough indication that you're being given a weak acid. For strong acids, the Ka value is too big to even be recognized. Ka = [A-][H+]/[AH] Due to the complete dissociation of strong acids, the Ka value moves towards infinity since the denominator wil...
- Mon Dec 02, 2019 5:08 pm
- Forum: Conjugate Acids & Bases
- Topic: Identifying Acids and Bases
- Replies: 1
- Views: 147
Re: Identifying Acids and Bases
An easy way of recognizing something as an acid or base is seeing if it has a proton that it can donate. If it does, then, according to the Bronsted definition, it is an acid. You can always try drawing the Lewis structures to see if it has a lone pair it can donate. In this case, it would be a Lewi...
- Mon Dec 02, 2019 5:05 pm
- Forum: Conjugate Acids & Bases
- Topic: Identifying conjugate acids & bases
- Replies: 3
- Views: 197
Re: Identifying conjugate acids & bases
As stated above, HCN will react with H2O to form CN- and H3O+. In this case, H2O is acting as a base since it is accepting a proton. The resulting H3O+ is the conjugate acid of H2O that can then act as an acid to donate a proton. However, it's important to remember that H2O is amphoteric and thus ca...
- Mon Dec 02, 2019 4:56 pm
- Forum: Lewis Acids & Bases
- Topic: Lewis vs. Bronsted
- Replies: 3
- Views: 171
Re: Lewis vs. Bronsted
A molecule that is a Lewis acid can also be considered a Bronsted acid (and vice versa) since their definitions do line up. In order for a molecule to accept an electron pair (be a Bronsted acid), it donates a proton (is a Lewis acid). Typically you can use both definitions to define an acid unless ...
- Tue Nov 26, 2019 4:27 pm
- Forum: Conjugate Acids & Bases
- Topic: Acids and Bases
- Replies: 10
- Views: 523
Re: Acids and Bases
Reactions dealing with weak acids or bases use equilibrium arrows since they are not completely dissociated. On the other hand, in the case of strong acids and bases, complete dissociation allows for reactions to go in just one forward direction where the acid or base fully ionizes.
- Tue Nov 26, 2019 4:24 pm
- Forum: Biological Examples
- Topic: Cisplatin
- Replies: 12
- Views: 603
Re: Cisplatin
Cisplatin is important because its two Cl ligands are on the same side. When it comes into contact with DNA, the two Cl's are displaced by the exposed N's on guanine, resulting in a strong bond that essentially stops all cell division and makes cisplatin useful as a chemotherapy drug.
- Mon Nov 25, 2019 7:00 pm
- Forum: General Science Questions
- Topic: Coordination Compounds
- Replies: 7
- Views: 567
Re: Coordination Compounds
I would try to memorize and understand the biological importance of his examples (like cisplatin, myoglobin, and hemoglobin). It would be good to know the connection between the compounds' importance and how they are structured (such as why cisplatin being cis is important).
- Mon Nov 25, 2019 6:56 pm
- Forum: Naming
- Topic: Naming in Fundamentals J (acids and bases)
- Replies: 2
- Views: 92
Re: Naming in Fundamentals J (acids and bases)
I would try to memorize the most common acids and bases (or the ones that show up in the homework problems), especially the strong acids and bases included in the textbook.
- Mon Nov 18, 2019 11:01 pm
- Forum: Determining Molecular Shape (VSEPR)
- Topic: Lone Pairs
- Replies: 3
- Views: 131
Re: Lone Pairs
Lone pairs are not confined to a bond; the electrons exist in a cloud of probability that takes up more space and thus has a greater repulsion in order to maximize the amount of space between each other.
- Mon Nov 18, 2019 10:54 pm
- Forum: Determining Molecular Shape (VSEPR)
- Topic: Exact Bond Angles for Test 1
- Replies: 3
- Views: 141
Re: Exact Bond Angles for Test 1
You can make approximations (slightly less than __) but the only important thing is to know the concept behind why that is. The lone pairs have a greater repulsion that makes the bond angles slightly smaller than they should ideally be.
- Mon Nov 18, 2019 10:51 pm
- Forum: Sigma & Pi Bonds
- Topic: Sigma Bonds
- Replies: 2
- Views: 149
Re: Sigma Bonds
A central atom can have multiple sigma bonds as long as they are all single bonds connecting the central atom to different atoms. Any double or triple bonds that are added in addition to those single bonds become pi bonds.
- Mon Nov 18, 2019 10:39 pm
- Forum: Interionic and Intermolecular Forces (Ion-Ion, Ion-Dipole, Dipole-Dipole, Dipole-Induced Dipole, Dispersion/Induced Dipole-Induced Dipole/London Forces, Hydrogen Bonding)
- Topic: hydrogen bonds
- Replies: 4
- Views: 269
Re: hydrogen bonds
Hydrogen bonds are a type of dipole-dipole interaction that are set apart simply because they are much stronger than regular ones. Their strength comes from the high electronegativity of the nitrogen, oxygen, and fluorine atoms they are bonded to.
- Mon Nov 18, 2019 10:27 pm
- Forum: Dipole Moments
- Topic: Net Dipole Moment
- Replies: 4
- Views: 248
Re: Net Dipole Moment
The dipole moments cancel each other out since they are all, essentially, the same (the only bond is a Br-F bond). If they were not all the same element (not all F or any other atom), then the dipole moments would not cancel, resulting in a net dipole moment.
- Mon Nov 18, 2019 10:21 pm
- Forum: Determining Molecular Shape (VSEPR)
- Topic: Trigonal Bipyramidal
- Replies: 5
- Views: 141
Re: Trigonal Bipyramidal
Yes, electron arrangement can be thought of as electron geometry. Electron geometry depends on the number of regions of electron density and is supposed to help you figure out molecular geometry. Molecular geometry is where looking only at bound atoms to name molecular shape comes into play.
- Wed Nov 13, 2019 4:40 pm
- Forum: Determining Molecular Shape (VSEPR)
- Topic: Diatomic Molecules
- Replies: 6
- Views: 352
Re: Diatomic Molecules
Unless they are the same element, all diatomic molecules are somewhat polar because every element has at least a slight difference in electronegativity that causes one atom to pull on the shared electrons more than the other.
- Wed Nov 13, 2019 4:38 pm
- Forum: Dipole Moments
- Topic: Temporary Dipoles
- Replies: 5
- Views: 272
Re: Temporary Dipoles
Temporary dipoles can occur even between two nonpolar molecules due to the constant movement of their valence electrons. As the electrons move, certain regions of the molecule become slightly more negative or slightly more positive, causing there to be a temporary dipole that can shift as quickly as...
- Wed Nov 13, 2019 4:29 pm
- Forum: Determining Molecular Shape (VSEPR)
- Topic: Tetrahedral VSPER model
- Replies: 7
- Views: 522
Re: Tetrahedral VSPER model
A central atom with only four bonding pairs will have a tetrahedral shape. Exceptions start to arise when lone pairs get introduced. For example, a central atom with four bonding pairs and one lone pair will have a molecular geometry of seesaw. We'll most likely go in depth on this topic on Friday.
- Wed Nov 13, 2019 4:25 pm
- Forum: Determining Molecular Shape (VSEPR)
- Topic: VESPR Model of H2O
- Replies: 12
- Views: 791
Re: VESPR Model of H2O
The presence of the two lone pairs on the oxygen makes it so that water has a bent (or angular) shape rather than linear. Lone pairs generally take up more space than bonded pairs do (since the electrons exist in a probability cloud rather than being confined in a bond) and so the repulsion of the l...
- Wed Nov 13, 2019 4:17 pm
- Forum: Interionic and Intermolecular Forces (Ion-Ion, Ion-Dipole, Dipole-Dipole, Dipole-Induced Dipole, Dispersion/Induced Dipole-Induced Dipole/London Forces, Hydrogen Bonding)
- Topic: Intermolecular Forces vs Bonding???
- Replies: 5
- Views: 395
Re: Intermolecular Forces vs Bonding???
Those are known as intermolecular forces because they are the forces that attract different molecules to one another. Polar and nonpolar bonding occurs between atoms in a molecule so we call them intramolecular (since they happen within the molecule).
- Mon Nov 04, 2019 5:10 pm
- Forum: Dipole Moments
- Topic: drawing dipole moments
- Replies: 5
- Views: 621
Re: drawing dipole moments
Dipole moments occur when electrons are not equally shared in a covalent bond. The more electronegative atom pulls on the electrons more, resulting in a slightly negative charge on the atom. Dipole moments are depicted with an arrow pointing towards the atom with the slightly negative charge.
- Mon Nov 04, 2019 5:00 pm
- Forum: Lewis Structures
- Topic: Electron Configuration & Formal Charge for Cu
- Replies: 4
- Views: 161
Re: Electron Configuration & Formal Charge for Cu
It would be [Ar]3d8 if Cu was just any other element; however, we have to remember that Cu is one of the exceptions. The electron configuration of neutral Cu is [Ar]3d10 4s1, and so the 2 electrons that are removed for Cu2+ is the 1 electron from the 4s orbital, then 1 electron from the 3d orbital l...
- Mon Nov 04, 2019 4:54 pm
- Forum: Formal Charge and Oxidation Numbers
- Topic: Formal Charge
- Replies: 9
- Views: 328
Re: Formal Charge
Sometimes formal charges are impossible to get to 0 (for instance in compounds that have a charge on them, such as BrO3-) during which you need to draw a Lewis structure that has the lowest amount of charges and the lowest overall charges on each atom.
- Mon Nov 04, 2019 4:36 pm
- Forum: Ionic & Covalent Bonds
- Topic: Bond Lengths
- Replies: 4
- Views: 287
Re: Bond Lengths
We will most likely be given the covalent radii of different atoms, from which you can calculate the bond length by adding the radii together.
- Mon Nov 04, 2019 4:30 pm
- Forum: DeBroglie Equation
- Topic: de Broglie vs electromagnetic radiation
- Replies: 3
- Views: 188
Re: de Broglie vs electromagnetic radiation
E=hv is used only in regards to electromagnetic radiation since it uses constant c (the speed of light) while De Broglie is used for any other particle that has momentum since its velocity is variable.
- Sat Nov 02, 2019 2:35 pm
- Forum: Lewis Structures
- Topic: Drawing Lewis Structures
- Replies: 4
- Views: 221
Re: Drawing Lewis Structures
Whenever you draw Lewis structures, you want to follow 3 steps: 1) Ensure that you have the correct number of valence electrons 2) Try to satisfy the octet rule when you can (be mindful of exceptions) 3) Try to get the lowest formal charges possible on each element You start off everything with sing...
- Sat Nov 02, 2019 2:29 pm
- Forum: Polarisability of Anions, The Polarizing Power of Cations
- Topic: Polarizable vs Polarizing
- Replies: 6
- Views: 275
Re: Polarizable vs Polarizing
They essentially refer to the same concept of ionic compounds having some covalent character; however, "highly polarizable" applies to anions (its electrons are being pulled by the cations) while "high polarizing power" applies to cations (whose positive charge pulls on the elect...
- Sat Nov 02, 2019 2:24 pm
- Forum: Octet Exceptions
- Topic: Exceptions?
- Replies: 5
- Views: 215
Re: Exceptions?
The first five elements (H, He, Li, Be, B) can have incomplete octets, as can all group 13 elements. Elements in period 3 and higher can have expanded octet shells because of their d-orbitals.
- Sat Nov 02, 2019 1:14 pm
- Forum: Ionic & Covalent Bonds
- Topic: Ionic/Covalent
- Replies: 6
- Views: 180
Re: Ionic/Covalent
The cations in ionic compounds have a certain polarizing power: their positive charge makes them pull on the electrons of neighboring anions (that we describe as being polarizable to a certain extent). Because of this, there's a distortion in the electron cloud of the anion, making it so that there ...
- Sat Nov 02, 2019 12:53 pm
- Forum: Octet Exceptions
- Topic: 2C5a Help
- Replies: 2
- Views: 161
2C5a Help
The question asks us to draw the Lewis structure of reactive species and to indicate which are radicals. I'm confused about letter a:
chlorine monoxide, ClO. Why is the radical on Cl rather than on O? Can you put it on O? What rules would apply to figuring out which element has the radical?
chlorine monoxide, ClO. Why is the radical on Cl rather than on O? Can you put it on O? What rules would apply to figuring out which element has the radical?
- Tue Oct 22, 2019 2:40 pm
- Forum: DeBroglie Equation
- Topic: HW 1.41
- Replies: 6
- Views: 308
Re: HW 1.41
Also, be sure to remember that you can only use c=λv when dealing with photons since c represents the speed of light. Any other particles (such as a neutron) would use De Broglie's equation since its velocity will vary.
- Tue Oct 22, 2019 2:33 pm
- Forum: Properties of Light
- Topic: Memorizing light
- Replies: 4
- Views: 142
Re: Memorizing light
My old high school teacher had a kind of silly yet helpful way of memorizing the electromagnetic spectrum:
"Remind Me If Visible Underwear eXcites Grandma" - Radio waves, Microwaves, Infrared, Visible, Ultraviolet, X-rays, Gamma rays
Hopefully, you find this as helpful as I did!
"Remind Me If Visible Underwear eXcites Grandma" - Radio waves, Microwaves, Infrared, Visible, Ultraviolet, X-rays, Gamma rays
Hopefully, you find this as helpful as I did!
- Tue Oct 22, 2019 2:27 pm
- Forum: Quantum Numbers and The H-Atom
- Topic: Frequency
- Replies: 15
- Views: 712
Re: Frequency
The idea of frequency and energy being proportional is also demonstrated by Bohr's frequency condition (v = delta E/h) which states that only light with certain frequencies (and by extension certain energies) will be absorbed.
- Mon Oct 21, 2019 11:00 pm
- Forum: Trends in The Periodic Table
- Topic: 1F. 19
- Replies: 1
- Views: 71
Re: 1F. 19
The more reactive nature of s-block metals compared to p-block metals actually has to do with the lower ionization energies of s-block metals. Their lower first ionization energies make them more likely to lose an electron and thus be more reactive.
- Mon Oct 21, 2019 10:56 pm
- Forum: Trends in The Periodic Table
- Topic: Atomic Radii
- Replies: 10
- Views: 527
Re: Atomic Radii
The atomic radii decrease as you go across a period because the increased number of protons has a greater effect on the electrons around it (essentially the more protons there are, the more they pull on the electrons to move closer in, thereby decreasing the atomic radii).
- Mon Oct 21, 2019 10:52 pm
- Forum: Trends in The Periodic Table
- Topic: Metals, Nonmetals, Metalloids
- Replies: 5
- Views: 447
Re: Metals, Nonmetals, Metalloids
I don't know if it's required we memorize what's a metal, nonmetal, and metalloid, but I would recommend just knowing that boron, silicon, germanium, arsenic, antimony, tellurium, and polonium are metalloids. Everything to the right of those elements should be nonmetals and everything to the left sh...
- Mon Oct 14, 2019 4:57 pm
- Forum: Properties of Electrons
- Topic: 1B.25
- Replies: 3
- Views: 164
Re: 1B.25
If you look on the class website, there's actually an error in the solutions manual for that problem. They made delta v = 5 m/s rather than 10 m/s as it should be (the velocity given was 5 m/s +- 5 m/s, so that would range from 0-10 m/s). The correct answer for delta x = 6.7 x 10-37 m (hopefully yo...
- Mon Oct 14, 2019 4:45 pm
- Forum: Heisenberg Indeterminacy (Uncertainty) Equation
- Topic: Uncertainty Equation
- Replies: 4
- Views: 138
Re: Uncertainty Equation
Yes, the more you know about the momentum, the less you know about the position, and vice versa. This is due to the idea of how, at the atomic scale, methods of observing objects (i.e. knowing its position) with as small a mass as an electron's can actually disrupt other aspects of it such as its ve...
- Mon Oct 14, 2019 4:41 pm
- Forum: Properties of Electrons
- Topic: Question about diffraction patterns
- Replies: 3
- Views: 267
Re: Question about diffraction patterns
If we're speaking on the subject of classical particles, they would not give rise to diffraction patterns when passing through the holes in the barrier since diffraction patterns result only from interacting waves. Since the particle is acting as a particle alone, it would not have diffraction patte...
- Mon Oct 14, 2019 4:36 pm
- Forum: Properties of Electrons
- Topic: 1B.25
- Replies: 3
- Views: 164
Re: 1B.25
If you look on the class website, there's actually an error in the solutions manual for that problem. They made delta v = 5 m/s rather than 10 m/s as it should be (the velocity given was 5 m/s +- 5 m/s, so that would range from 0-10 m/s). The correct answer for delta x = 6.7 x 10-37 m (hopefully you...
- Mon Oct 14, 2019 4:26 pm
- Forum: Bohr Frequency Condition, H-Atom , Atomic Spectroscopy
- Topic: Postive or Negative Frequency
- Replies: 2
- Views: 170
Re: Postive or Negative Frequency
Your math was correct but the answer is C because, although energy can be expressed as a negative value for energy lost, when calculating things such as frequency or wavelength, you always use positive values since there is no such thing as a negative frequency, for example.
- Wed Oct 09, 2019 5:43 pm
- Forum: Properties of Electrons
- Topic: Balmer/Lyman series
- Replies: 5
- Views: 265
Re: Balmer/Lyman series
It would be good just to know that the Balmer series occurs in the visible light region (and returns to an energy level of n=2) and that the Lyman series occurs in the UV region (and returns to an energy level of n=1).
- Wed Oct 09, 2019 5:39 pm
- Forum: Properties of Light
- Topic: Speed of Light constant
- Replies: 7
- Views: 290
Re: Speed of Light constant
If you really wanted to use a constant that's a little more precise than 3.00x10^8 m/s but less tedious than 2.99792x10^8 m/s, I'd suggest using 2.998x10^8 m/s. But then again it shouldn't matter too much as long as your final sig figs are correct.
- Wed Oct 09, 2019 5:36 pm
- Forum: DeBroglie Equation
- Topic: Momentum
- Replies: 4
- Views: 115
Re: Momentum
In the De Broglie Equation, λ = h/p, where h is Planck's constant (6.626 x 10^-34 J s) and p is the momentum (mass x velocity). Since h is already a very small number, the momentum of very small and high velocity objects (such as electrons) are significant because they calculate a wavelength that is...
- Wed Oct 09, 2019 5:30 pm
- Forum: Properties of Electrons
- Topic: electron energy [ENDORSED]
- Replies: 7
- Views: 502
Re: electron energy [ENDORSED]
Quite the opposite, when an electron moves up to a higher energy level, it is because it has absorbed energy that matches the energy difference between those two levels. An electron emits (loses) energy as a photon as it falls back down to a lower energy level.
- Wed Oct 09, 2019 5:24 pm
- Forum: Properties of Light
- Topic: 1A.15
- Replies: 2
- Views: 146
Re: 1A.15
The question asks for the final and initial energy levels of the electron during the /emission/ of energy, so they're referring to the emission spectrum. As a result, n=3 would be the initial energy level while n=1 would be the final energy level since electrons only emit energy when falling from a ...
- Thu Oct 03, 2019 6:40 pm
- Forum: Balancing Chemical Reactions
- Topic: Fractions in Balancing Equations
- Replies: 11
- Views: 13021
Re: Fractions in Balancing Equations
There's never really a time when you should be wanting to use fractions when balancing equations since you want all of your stoichiometric coefficients to be whole numbers. Usually you end up needing to use fractions when there's no other way to balance something. For example, if you find that there...
- Thu Oct 03, 2019 6:26 pm
- Forum: Empirical & Molecular Formulas
- Topic: 100 gram Method?
- Replies: 9
- Views: 1086
Re: 100 gram Method?
The 100 gram trick is used to make calculations involving finding an empirical formula easier! If you're given the percent composition of a sample, you might assume that you would need to work backwards in order to find the original number of grams in order to convert them to moles. However, with th...