CHEMISTRY COMMUNITY

Kurtis Liang 3I

To find the shape of a coordination compound, count the number of ligands attached to the central atom. This is called the coordination number. If there are 6, the shape is octahedral. If there are 4, it is tetrahedral or square planar, depending on the arrangement of the ligands.

Kurtis Liang 3I

First, put the acid and bases given on the reactants side. Then, on the products side, put water and combine the elements on the reactants side that are NOT hydrogen or oxygen into one molecule. This is the salt that is formed. Then, balance the two sides of the equation.

Kurtis Liang 3I

To put it simply, all amphiprotic substances are amphoteric, but not all amphoteric substances are amphiprotic. All amphiprotic substances must be able to donate and accept a hydrogen atom.

Kurtis Liang 3I

As well as memorizing the list of strong bases, it's helpful to know that the hydroxides of group 1 and 2 metals are usually considered to be strong bases.

Kurtis Liang 3I

I think it's saying that instead of splitting the weak acid/base into its individual elements like usually done in a net ionic equation, they are kept as whole molecules.

Kurtis Liang 3I

The classification of water depends on the compound it is reacting with. Since it is amphoteric, if it reacts with an acid it will act as a weak base, and if it acts with a base it will act as a weak acid.

Kurtis Liang 3I

What helped me a lot was attending the large midterm review session and going over the worksheet given many times in order to catch any mistakes I could potentially make on the test. For the final, I suggest going over missed problems from the midterm and going to future review sessions.

Kurtis Liang 3I

I would study the methods to determine the strength of different acids and how to order them by strength given a list of acids.

Kurtis Liang 3I

I watched this video and it really helped me understand the concept of chelates: youtube.com/watch?v=RM6l2JfHxg8

Kurtis Liang 3I

The sp3 orbital seems to be the most common, with examples such as ch4 or anything with 4 atoms bonded to it.

Kurtis Liang 3I

To find the hybridization of an atom, you need to find its steric number. The steric number is calculated by adding the number of atoms bonded to the central atom plus the number of lone pairs on the central atom. In this case, because oxygen has 1 carbon bonded to it + 2 lone pairs, its steric numb...

Kurtis Liang 3I

P-orbitals actually are hybridized. They combine with s and orbitals to form sp or spd hybridized orbitals.

Kurtis Liang 3I

Lone pairs on the central atom occupy their own separate hybrid orbital, so they count towards the total hybridization of the atom.

Kurtis Liang 3I

No, because ions have far greater charges than those of dipole moments, it will have a stronger attraction and therefore result in a stronger interaction.

Kurtis Liang 3I

SeF3+ has 4 regions of electron density because of its lone pair and 3 bonded atoms, so its steric number is 4, giving it a hybridization of sp3.

Kurtis Liang 3I

When two atoms use both s and p orbitals to bond, the energy levels of the electrons become unevenly distributed. To equalize this, s and p orbitals hybridize to form a single hybrid orbital. This imbalance does not occur in every molecule, so not all molecules are hybridized.

Kurtis Liang 3I

To determine polarity, measure the electronegativity of all the atoms in the molecule. If there is an uneven distribution of electronegativity (more electronegativity to one side of the atom), there will be a dipole moment, causing the molecule to be polar.

Kurtis Liang 3I

When two rod-shaped molecules come close together, there are more spots to experience London dispersion forces, so they will be more tightly attracted to each other, thus raising the boiling point.

Kurtis Liang 3I

The interaction potential energy is the measurement of the energy that is released when two atoms/molecules interact.

Kurtis Liang 3I

Lone pairs are further from the central atom because they aren't being pulled towards another atom, so they will repel more.

Kurtis Liang 3I

Interaction potential energy measures the strength of the attraction between atoms or molecules. It is affected by factors such as polarizability, size, and shape.

Kurtis Liang 3I

Yes, these elements can exceed the octet rule because their empty d-subshell can take on electrons if needed, thus letting the atom hold more than 8 valence electrons.

Kurtis Liang 3I

Because the valence electrons on larger atoms are less tightly held, there is a higher chance for them to form temporary dipoles and exhibit intermolecular forces.

Kurtis Liang 3I

Ionic bonds are generally stronger than covalent bonds because of the strong attraction between oppositely charged ions.

Kurtis Liang 3I

Frequency is directly proportional to the energy of the incoming light. If this energy exceeds the threshold energy for the surface, it will eject electrons.

Kurtis Liang 3I

If the elements Cr and Cu have different electron configurations than expected because of half-filled and fully filled d subshells, does this also apply to the elements directly under them, like Mo, Ag, etc?

Kurtis Liang 3I

In the case of copper, a full d subshell is more stable than only being partially filled. This means that the electron configuration of Cu is [Ar] 3d10 4s1. Since this question asks about Cu+, there is one less electron, so it is taken out from the s subshell to maintain the full d subshell.

Kurtis Liang 3I

Cl will only become negatively charged if an electron is added, not taken away. This question asks about removing electrons, and Cl would become positively charged if an electron is removed.

Kurtis Liang 3I

Since Manganese is a transition metal with an incomplete d-block, it can use the 5 d-block electrons for bonding, as well as the 2 in the s-block. This adds up to 7 total valence electrons.

Kurtis Liang 3I

No, in my notes it says we need to know only the s-block, p-block, and the first row of the d block. The Lanthanides and Actinides are also omitted from the homework problems, so I don't think we will be asked about them.

Kurtis Liang 3I

There are two exceptions to determining electron configuration from the periodic table: chromium and copper. In these two cases, a half-full or full d sublevel is more stable than its predicted configuration, so one electron from the s orbital moves to the d orbital.

Kurtis Liang 3I

If the formal charge on an atom is not equal to zero, that's a good indication that you will need a double bond at that location.

Kurtis Liang 3I

It says on the syllabus to do problems from recently covered material, so work on problems relating to chemical bonds.

Kurtis Liang 3I

Each electron will only have one spin, and it will be either up or down. The quantum number for spin will not take on any values other than +1/2 and -1/2.

Kurtis Liang 3I

Yes, on the syllabus it says to do homework from recently covered material. Since we haven't started the next chapter yet, you should do work from Quantum World.

Kurtis Liang 3I

They fill up from left to right on the periodic table. When it hits the transition metals though, remember to write them before 4s on the electron configuration because it is a lower energy level.

Kurtis Liang 3I

groups 1 and 2 are s, groups 3-12 are d, and groups 13-18 are p. The inner transition elements that are placed separately are part the f subshell. Within the groups, you can count the numbers in to determine the subscript

Kurtis Liang 3I

It also might help to memorize the visible light spectrum, as they might ask about what color a certain wavelength of light is.

Kurtis Liang 3I

It's also helpful to note that all electrons will have the same spin until there is no room in the subshell and electrons must pair up (paired electrons have opposite spin). This is explained by Hund's rule.

Kurtis Liang 3I

A shell is the broad term used to describe an energy level where the electrons reside (same value of n). Within a shell, there are subshells, which also have the same value for l. Orbitals are the specific term to describe where the electrons reside, such as in s or p.

Kurtis Liang 3I

The idea is that light acts as BOTH a wave and a particle. The diffraction of light through a slit explains it's wave-like properties, and the photoelectric effect supports the argument that it can also behave like a packet of light, or a particle. What helped me understand it was looking more into ...

Kurtis Liang 3I

UV light is most commonly used, since it's higher energy has a better chance at ejecting electrons. Hope this helps!

Kurtis Liang 3I

Taking notes on the videos definitely helped me understand the material better before lectures. It's highly recommended and beneficial!

Kurtis Liang 3I

According to the photoelectric effect, light sources with long wavelengths cannot eject electrons, even if they have high intensity. This explains the idea that light acts as a series of packets.

Kurtis Liang 3I

Electrons in the outermost shell take less energy to be removed because they have the weakest attraction to the nucleus. Additionally, they release the most energy when jumping to the innermost energy level.

Kurtis Liang 3I

The 5 posts should be finished before Sunday night, which marks the end of that week. Hope this helps!

Kurtis Liang 3I

It's also helpful to know that molarity times volume is equal to moles, so mv=mv is essentially saying that initial # of moles = final # of moles.

Kurtis Liang 3I

Combustion is the reaction between a hydrocarbon and oxygen to produce a CO2 and H2O.

Kurtis Liang 3I

Just questions about the review of high school chemistry will be asked. Good luck!

Kurtis Liang 3I

I would start by finding out how much solution there is after 10 mL is doubled 90 times. To do this, you would multiply 10mL by 2^90 to find the final volume.

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