CHEMISTRY COMMUNITY

Ruby Tang 2J

A galvanic cell converts chemical energy into electrical energy, while an electrolytic cell converts electrical energy into chemical energy. In a galvanic cell, a spontaneous redox reaction (ΔG<0, energy is released) produces an electric current through an external circuit. However, in an electrolyt...

Ruby Tang 2J

pKb is a measure of the strength of a base, while pOH is a direct measure of the hydroxide ion concentration of a substance. While they're related, you generally wouldn't be asked to calculate pKb from pOH. In the case of a basic buffer (ie a weak base and its salt), you could relate the two via the...

Ruby Tang 2J

F is Faraday's constant (generally given as 96,485 C/mol). It is the magnitude of electric charge per mole of electrons.

Ruby Tang 2J

Yeah, you just need to make sure that the concentration is the same for every other reactant than the one you're looking at. For example, in a reaction with reactants A, B, and C, if you're trying to figure out how [A] affects the rate of the reaction, you should compare two trials where [B] is the ...

Ruby Tang 2J

This image might help! Generally, the number of intermediates in a multi-step reaction can be determined by the number of troughs in the reaction profile.

Ruby Tang 2J

An example of a zero order reaction is the decomposition of nitrous oxide in the presence of a hot platinum wire (a catalyst): 2N2O --> 2N2 + O2. Generally, a reaction involving a catalyst will be zero order. Using the stated reaction as an example, if we were to increase the concentration of the re...

Ruby Tang 2J

Data in appendix 2A is specific to the reaction occurring at 25C. Therefore, you can't use △G=-RTlnK for 150C, because the value of △G that you calculated using the appendix data will be different at 150C.

Ruby Tang 2J

If you used Cl2 as written in the problem, no reduction would be occurring, since for Cl2 --> Cl2, the oxidation number of Chlorine is 0 on both the reactant and product side.

Ruby Tang 2J

(1) Consider what the two electrodes are. In this case it should be hydrogen (given in the problem), and tin (from Sn(NO3)2)) (2) Figure out which one is going to be at the cathode and which will be at the anode. The standard reduction potential of H+ (2H+ + 2e- --> H2) is 0 by definition. The oxida...

Ruby Tang 2J

The lines plateau when the reaction has reached equilibrium. While there are some reactions that go to completion, most reactions will not and therefore the concentration of reactant won't fall to 0 exactly. [Reactants] continues to decrease and [Products] continues to increase as the reaction appro...

Ruby Tang 2J

If you go to page A17, the standard potentials are listed in alphabetical order rather than numerical order, which should help you find the potential you're looking for much faster. The reason why we do not include H2O in the cell diagram is because the cell diagram already has species in aqueous so...

Ruby Tang 2J

I believe we will probably have to know the Van't Hoff equation, considering the fact that Dr. Lavelle derived the equation during lecture.

Ruby Tang 2J

From 5G.13, we get that the reaction Gibbs free energy for I2(g) --> 2I(g) at 1200 K when the partial pressures of I2 and I are 0.13 bar and 0.98 bar, respectively, is positive. This means that the forward reaction is not spontaneous, whereas the reverse is. This means that the production of I2 is f...

Ruby Tang 2J

When calculating standard cell potential, the equation Ecathode - Eanode is used in reference to the convention of only including the standard reduction potentials of reactions (For example, in Appendix 2B in the textbook, all of the data is written as reduction half-reactions and never oxidation ha...

Ruby Tang 2J

While 5G.19 is asking for the standard Gibbs free energy, 5G.13 is asking for the reaction Gibbs free energy. The difference is that if you consider the equation ΔG = ΔGnaught + RTlnQ, we know that depending on the concentration of the products and reactants, ΔG (the reaction Gibbs free energy) can ...

Ruby Tang 2J

Platinum is an inert electrode, meaning that it facilitates the conduction of electrons but does not actively participate in the redox reaction itself. In general, you need an inert electrode when the half-cell does not already have a solid metal that can act as the electrode itself (ex. Cu(s), Fe(s...

Ruby Tang 2J

Usually the ions must be in the solid state in order to conduct electrons, but mercury is an important exception because it is the only liquid that can act as an electrode. Therefore, you don't need an inert electrode on the left side of the cell diagram.

Ruby Tang 2J

This one was very confusing for me as well, but I think since Cl2 has to serve as both the oxidizing and reducing agent, if Cl is getting oxidized in Cl2 --> HClO, then the Cl2 also needs to get reduced somehow. The easiest way for this to occur would be to make the other half reaction Cl2 --> 2 Cl-.

Ruby Tang 2J

The oxidation numbers for the hydrogen and oxygen present in each side of the reaction are the same, so hydrogen and oxygen specifically are not oxidized or reduced in this reaction. Therefore, you don't need a separate half reaction for them, since there is no oxidation or reduction of either the h...

Ruby Tang 2J

You only need an inert electrode when the half-cell does not have a solid substance to conduct electrons. In the case of Cu(s), it is in the solid state and therefore can serve as the electrode itself, which is why you only put Pt(s) on the right side of the cell diagram and not the left.

Ruby Tang 2J

I believe the convention is different when there is a gas involved. For H2(g) --> 2H+ + 2e-, it is convention to put the H2(g) before the H+, since the anode is where oxidation occurs and in this case, H2(g) is the chemical species getting oxidized. You also generally put the electrodes on either th...

Ruby Tang 2J

I think you have to calculate the ΔS due to change in temperature and change in volume separately for this problem

Ruby Tang 2J

When we are given mean bond enthalpy values, those values do not directly represent a change in energy coming about as a result of a specific reaction, unlike when we use the standard enthalpy of formation of a substance, which is by definition the change in energy resulting from the formation of a ...

Ruby Tang 2J

Technically, ΔU is only truly 0 in the case of an ideal gas. ΔU can be thought of as the gas's internal energy, comprising both potential and kinetic energy. By definition, an ideal gas does not have any interactions between particles, so potential energy is 0. That leaves kinetic energy. Temperatur...

Ruby Tang 2J

ΔS of the system is the same regardless of whether the process is reversible or irreversible. However, ΔS of the surroundings and ΔS total are different depending on the reversibility of the process. In a reversible process: ΔS of the surroundings = -ΔS of the system ΔS total = 0 In an irreversible ...

Ruby Tang 2J

In an isothermal reversible compression, volume is decreased while pressure is increased. The opposite is true for an expansion, where volume is increased, and pressure is decreased. Whenever the process is reversible and isothermal, ΔH = 0. In contrast, for an isobaric process, ΔH = qp, and in an i...

Ruby Tang 2J

ΔH is equal to q whenever the reaction is occurring at constant pressure, a condition which is specified in the problem. I think you may be referring to the fact that there has to be no expansion in order for ΔH to be equal to ΔU (internal energy). Hope this helps!

Ruby Tang 2J

These values are all included on Dr. Lavelle's "Constants and Equations" sheet! The sheet can be found on the 14B website and is the same one that we will receive during any test or midterm.

Ruby Tang 2J

Supercooling is when a liquid is cooled below its standard freezing point without crystallizing. In order for crystallization (i.e. formation of a solid) to occur, generally a nucleus of some sort is needed around which a crystal will form. Thus, supercooling can occur when there are no nuclei of th...

Ruby Tang 2J

The equations for work all have a negative sign at the beginning in order to define the energy associated with doing work relative to the system rather than its surroundings. If the work equation did not have a negative sign (ie. w = PΔV), then when the volume of the gas increases (ie ΔV is positive...

Ruby Tang 2J

I'm pretty sure the answer key in the textbook for this problem is incorrect. If you copy and paste the problem into Google you will see many solutions to the problem that all say w = 490 J.

Ruby Tang 2J

The change in temperature should be proportional to the amount of carbon monoxide being reacted. First, convert 1.40 g of CO to moles, and you get roughly 0.0500 mol of CO. If you set up a proportion, then you get 0.0500 mol/1.00 mol = 0.636C/xC, with 0.636 being the change in temperature when 1.40 ...

Ruby Tang 2J

Cp is higher than Cv, because when pressure is constant, volume is not, so the gas is doing work via expansion. Therefore, you must account for the fact that for Cp, not all of the heat will be used toward increasing the temperature of the substance; some will be lost to work. To answer why pressure...

Ruby Tang 2J

In the relevant section of the textbook, it is explained that for a monatomic ideal gas, Cp = 5/2R, while Cv = 3/2R, where R = 8.3145 J*K-1*mol-1.

Ruby Tang 2J

Sodium hydroxide

Ruby Tang 2J

When heat is added at constant volume, all of the heat is used to increase the temperature of the substance. However, when heat is added at constant pressure, the volume is changing and therefore more heat is needed to achieve the same temperature when volume is constant. This is because not only is...

Ruby Tang 2J

[H3O+][OH-] = Kw, and [Ka][Kb] = Kw. Keep in mind however that Kw will be different depending on temperature. We just tend to use 1*10^-14 b/c this is what Kw is equal to at the standard state temperature (25C)

Ruby Tang 2J

The stronger the base, the weaker the conjugate acid. A weaker conjugate acid is denoted by a higher pKa, since pKa is the negative log of Ka (which is very small for a weak acid). Therefore, you would put them in order of increasing pKa. From weakest to strongest base, the answer should be aniline,...

Ruby Tang 2J

1. Bond enthalpy is the amount of energy required to break one mole of the given bond (ex. if the bond enthalpy of an O-H bond is 464 kJ/mol, then it would take 464 kJ to break 6.022*10^23 O-H bonds). 2. Standard enthalpy of formation of a substance is defined as the change in enthalpy when 1 mole o...

Ruby Tang 2J

A state function can describe a particular state without knowing the path that was taken to reach this state. For example, it is possible to say that a system has a certain amount of internal energy, enthalpy, entropy, etc. given a set of specified conditions. However, for a path function (ex. work ...

Ruby Tang 2J

I believe for (a)-(c), there is a table in the relevant section of the textbook that has the Kb values of common weak bases. If you look at the solutions manual, there are no calculations made for Kb, which seems to indicate that they assumed Kb was meant to be given for the problem.

Ruby Tang 2J

Autoprotolysis can occur with other molecules as well; not just water. For example, in some cases ammonia can undergo protolysis (2NH3 --> NH2- + NH4+) too. You are correct that water just happens to be the most common example.

Ruby Tang 2J

Yes! pH can definitely be above 14 or below 0. An example is 12 M HCl, which has a pH of about -1.08. If we consider mathematically that pH=-log[H+], then we know that if [H+] is greater than 1, pH has to be below 0.

Ruby Tang 2J

Since the water is neutral (neither acidic nor basic), we know that [H3O+] must equal [OH-]. Normally, when we are assuming that temperature is 25C, Kw = 1*10^-14. This is why the pH of neutral water is said to be 7: at 25C, [H3O+]=[OH-]=1*10^-7; thus [H3O+][OH-]=1*10^-14. In the problem we are give...

Ruby Tang 2J

For this problem, you can set up an ICE table, but instead of using the concentrations of the compounds, you use the partial pressures instead. You get: 2HCl (g) --> H2(g) + Cl2(g) I 0.22 0 0 C -2x +x +x E 0.22-2x x x We know that Kp = PH2*PCl2/(PHCl)^2, which we can then plug our equilibrium expres...

Ruby Tang 2J

In the graph shown, the partial pressures of the gases gradually change until they eventually plateau. This plateau corresponds to the equilibrium concentrations of A, B, and C.

Ruby Tang 2J

The net ionic equation would be 2Ag+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) <-> Ag2O (s) + H2O (l). Na+ and NO3- are the spectator ions and do not directly participate in the reaction. We don't use solids or liquids in the expression for the equilibrium constant, so we end up with Kc = 1/[Ag+]^2[OH-]^2.

Ruby Tang 2J

In addition, generally when you have a choice between Kp and Kc, Kp is assumed to be the default (ex. if you look at table 5G.2 which you had to use for many of the hw problems, they have a separate column for K and Kc. The K is assumed to be the same thing as Kp)

Ruby Tang 2J

Everything you've done so far should be correct; x should be equal to either 0.0828 or 0.126. It can't be 0.126 because then that would mean that the equilibrium concentration of CO and H2O are negative, so that means that x has to be equal to 0.0828. Therefore, [CO]=[H2O]=0.0172, and [CO2]=[H2]=0.0...

Ruby Tang 2J

They are both units of pressure, with 1 atm being approximately 1.01325 bar. As previously mentioned, you can use either unit as long as you ensure that the units cancel, but when dealing with the ideal gas law PV=nRT, we generally use atm instead of bar because we conventionally say that the gas co...

Ruby Tang 2J

Whenever there is more than one gas involved, we use the term partial pressure to refer to the pressure that the gas would exert if it were by itself. The sum of the partial pressures of all of the gases involved is the total pressure. We can rearrange the ideal gas law, PV=nRT, to solve for the par...

Ruby Tang 2J

A salt with an acidic ion in it will produce a solution with pH < 7, and a salt with a basic ion in it will produce a solution with pH > 7. For each compound you would want to look at each ion in the compound and check whether it would affect pH. For example, with NH4Br, Br- would NOT have an effect...

Ruby Tang 2J

Additionally, if the conjugate acid is the conjugate acid of a strong base, then it will have no effect on pH. The same is true for the conjugate base of a strong acid.

Ruby Tang 2J

pKa is not the same as the pH scale. While pKa is also an indicator of the strength of the acid, it does not follow the 0-14 pH scale. pKa values can be as low as -5 and as high as 50, so knowing that the pKa value is greater than 7 has no significance (you can't know whether a compound is an acid o...

Ruby Tang 2J

In general, metal oxides tend to act as bases while nonmetal oxides tend to act as acids. The oxides of elements on or near the diagonal metalloid line going down the periodic table have relatively equal acidic and basic character, so they are considered amphoteric.

Ruby Tang 2J

Additionally, BrO- is the conjugate base of a weak acid (hypobromous acid HBrO), so it must be a pretty strong base. Another thing to consider is that the defining basic characteristic of morphine is the N atom with its lone pair, and compounds like these generally make for relatively weak bases.

Ruby Tang 2J

The Ka value is the equilibrium constant for the reaction involving the dissociation of an acid. It is equivalent to ([H+][A-]/[HA]). The higher the Ka, the higher the [H+] and therefore the stronger the acid. Normally you will only be given the Ka if the acid in question is weak, because a strong a...

Ruby Tang 2J

If you have pH, [H3O+] is 10^-pH. For example, if pH is 3, [H3O+] is 10^-3. The same is true for pOH and [OH-]. It's also useful to know the relationship between pH and pOH and [H3O+] and [OH-]: pH + pOH = 14, and [H3O+][OH-] = 1*10^-14.

Ruby Tang 2J

Dr. Lavelle might go over it during lecture at some point; but either way it'll probably be useful information to know that pOH=-log[OH-], pOH = 14-pH, and [H3O+][OH-]=1*10^-14.

Ruby Tang 2J

In a neutralization reaction, an H+ ion is given off by the acid while an OH- ion is given off by the base. These two ions will combine to produce water. The remaining ions while combine to form a salt, which is the general term for any ionic substance that doesn't have H+ as the cation or OH- as th...

Ruby Tang 2J

For this question, I believe the main concept they want you to understand is that nonmetal oxides tend to act as acids, whereas metal oxides tend to act as bases. The classification of oxides as acids or bases is more ambiguous when the other element is a metalloid, so As2O3 and Bi2O3 would be class...

Ruby Tang 2J

Ka and Kb are meant to be used to calculate equilibrium concentrations of weak acids and bases only, because generally only a very tiny fraction of the acid/base is dissociated in water if it is weak. Strong acids and bases will have very large Ka and Kb, because they are generally assumed to comple...

Ruby Tang 2J

A chelate is just a compound containing a ligand bonded to a central metal atom at multiple points. You can also think of it as any coordination compound that contains polydentate ligands. There is no such thing as a chelate shape, and since chelates are just a special type of coordination compound,...

Ruby Tang 2J

A coordination sphere is just the array of molecules and ions directly attached to the central metal atom. It's just a grouping of the central metal atom and all of the ligands attached to it; shape is separately determined. Coordination spheres aren't visual aids, but knowing which metal ion and li...

Ruby Tang 2J

The atoms in a coordination compound are held together by coordinate covalent bonds, while covalent compounds are not. Recall that a normal covalent bond is one in which 2 electrons are shared between 2 atoms. Usually each atom contributes one electron to the covalent bond, but in a coordinate coval...

Ruby Tang 2J

For coordinate compounds, the order of the atomic symbols does matter. The ligand names would be in alphabetical order (either using their prefixes or the name of the element), followed by the name of the transition metal cation name. I think the question was about going from the name of the coordi...

Ruby Tang 2J

When writing the formula of the coordination compound, there is no single correct way to order the ligands as long as they are all written after the central metal ion. However, there is only one right way to name a coordination compound. The central metal ion should come first, with the ligands list...

Ruby Tang 2J

If you were just given the ion, you would first find the total charge of the ligands and identify the overall charge of the ion. The charge of the metal + the total charge of the ligands should add up to the overall charge of the ion. For example, if you were given [Co(CN)6]-3, you would identify th...

Ruby Tang 2J

Yes, you wouldn't be able to tell if you were just given the molecular formula. Cis-trans isomerism is when there is a double bond and therefore restricted rotation, since pi bonds can't be rotated without being broken. Cis indicates that the functional groups appear on the same side of the double b...

Ruby Tang 2J

From the textbook: Complex: a species consisting of a central metal atom or ion to which a number of molecules or ions are attached by coordinate covalent bonds Coordination compound: electrically neutral compound in which at least one of the ions present is a complex Ligand: Lewis base attached to ...

Ruby Tang 2J

Generally when there is a carbon atom in the molecule it is in the center. You would arrange H and Cl around it tetrahedrally. It technically does not matter how you arrange the 2 H and 2 Cl atoms around the C atom in the Lewis structure, since in a tetrahedral molecular geometry it is impossible fo...

Ruby Tang 2J

If you're referring to the question that asks you to predict whether C5H5N would be polar, you technically don't need to draw the Lewis structure to figure it out. The C-H and C-N dipole moments are different, and there is a difference in electron pull between all of the atoms (N is more electronega...

Ruby Tang 2J

I don't believe that we have to know what vapor pressure is for Test 2. But essentially, when a liquid is heated and the molecules begin to accumulate enough energy to escape into the gas phase, it results in a layer of gaseous molecules on top of the liquid that exerts a pressure (hence the term va...

Ruby Tang 2J

The electron cloud of a lone pair is dispersed over a larger area than that of a bonding pair, because while a bonding pair is held in place by two atoms, a lone pair is only held in place by one. This means that there is only one nucleus's positive charge drawing in and localizing the electron clou...

Ruby Tang 2J

Yes to both questions!

Ruby Tang 2J

For CH2Cl2, recall Dr. Lavelle's explanation of the molecular geometry of water during lecture. In lecture, he drew a Lewis structure of water with the lone pairs and hydrogen atoms on opposite sides of the oxygen atom, explaining why it was a misleading representation of the molecular geometry. In ...

Ruby Tang 2J

Additionally, dipoles can cancel each other out. For example, in a carbon dioxide molecule, even though there is a difference in electronegativity between the carbon atom and each of the two oxygen atoms, the dipoles are pointing in the opposite direction (each pointing toward an oxygen atom) and th...

Ruby Tang 2J

I think it's dependent on the question. For example, if the question is asking about the numerical value of the electronegativity difference between two atoms of different elements, you probably wouldn't be expected to know this off the top of your head. However, it is pretty reasonable to be expect...

Ruby Tang 2J

Generally, when you see a molecular formula given like that (instead of say C2H5NO2), the formula is a structural formula and can give you a clue about how to arrange the atoms in the Lewis structure. H2C, NH2, and COOH are all segments of the actual Lewis structure, with H2C in the center and NH2 a...

Ruby Tang 2J

To add on, if you know that one of the atoms has to carry a nonzero formal charge (ie. the overall charge of the molecule is nonzero) but aren't sure which atom to put it on, put the more negative formal charge on the more electronegative atom

Ruby Tang 2J

Generally, you would expand an octet if it would make the molecule's formal charges more favorable. For example, the Xenon atom in XeF4 has an expanded octet because 1) F cannot accommodate an expanded octet as it is in the 2nd period and therefore does not have any d orbitals that could hold additi...

Ruby Tang 2J

Every molecule has sigma bonds, but not every molecule has pi bonds. Molecules with double (1 sigma and 1 pi bond) or triple (1 sigma and 2 pi bonds) bonds will have pi bonds, which are the result of the overlapping of p orbitals.

Ruby Tang 2J

Why is the electron affinity of chlorine greater than that of fluorine? I understand that electronegativity and electron affinity are different, with electronegativity being the tendency to attract electrons and electron affinity being the amount of energy released when an electron is gained, but th...

Ruby Tang 2J

It's all about charge distribution. The closer to 0 the formal charge is, the more evenly distributed the electrons are about the molecule. If the absolute values of the formal charges of the atoms in a molecule are high, this will lead to the molecule having regions that are more negatively or posi...

Ruby Tang 2J

In resonance, the electrons are delocalized and therefore aren't fixed to a particular atom or bond. Because delocalization allows for the charge of the electrons to be distributed over a larger amount of space, the overall energy of the molecule is lowered and thus more stable.

Ruby Tang 2J

A simple trick to solve for the number of orbitals in the nth shell of an atom is to know that it is equal to n^2. So the 1st shell has 1 orbital, 2nd shell has 4, 3rd shell has 9, etc. You can also adjust this equation to 2n^2 to solve for the number of electrons that a given shell of an atom can h...

Ruby Tang 2J

The number of pi bonds in a molecule can be easily determined by looking at its Lewis structure. Every single covalent bond has 1 sigma bond, every double bond has 1 sigma and 1 pi bond, every triple bond has 1 sigma and 2 pi bonds, etc. For example, ethane (C2H6) has 7 single bonds, so it would hav...

Ruby Tang 2J

It is probably fine that you have a basic understanding of what it does, but I guess the main takeaway in deriving the DeBroglie Equation is that you can combine E=pc and E=hv to get hc/λ = pc --> h/λ = p --> h/λ = mv --> λ = h/mv

Ruby Tang 2J

You should definitely memorize that UV is from 10-400 nm and that visible is from 400-700 nm in case you get a question about the Lyman or Balmer series, respectively.

Ruby Tang 2J

The most basic concept of Wien's law is that the wavelength of peak emission is inversely proportional to temperature on an object's blackbody radiation curve. Therefore, the higher the temperature, the shorter the wavelength (aka the hotter it is, the bluer it appears), and vice versa (aka the cold...

Ruby Tang 2J

For a) You can combine E=hv and c=λv to get E=hc/λ to find the amount of energy emitted. You know planck's constant (h), the speed of light (c), and wavelength (λ), so you just have to plug the numbers in to get the amount of energy emitted. For b) You have to first find how many moles of Na are in ...

Ruby Tang 2J

1), First, you need to know that the ultraviolet spectrum of atomic hydrogen corresponds to the Lyman series (defined as a transition between n=1 and n>=2). For this class, I would remember this in addition to the fact that the visible spectrum corresponds to the Balmer series (transition between n=...

Ruby Tang 2J

The Rydberg equation is used in instances in which we want to calculate the energy of a given energy level (n) in a Hydrogen atom. We use the second equation you listed, ΔE=Ef-Ei, when we want to find the energy difference when an electron transitions from one energy level to another. However, the v...

Ruby Tang 2J

A photon is an elementary particle representing a unit or quanta of light. The photoelectric effect suggested that light exhibited the behavior of a particle (ie photon), because a change in the intensity of light did not result in a change in the kinetic energy of the electrons emitted from the met...

Ruby Tang 2J

A good rule of thumb is that any equation with mass (m) as one of the variables CANNOT be used for light, as light particles (aka photons) have no mass!

Ruby Tang 2J

The Lyman Series is defined as an electron transition from any n greater than or equal to 2 to n = 1 (or vice versa). You would want to use the Rydberg equation in this case: E = -(hR)/n^2. You can substitute E for hv, and then the h's on both sides of the equation cancel out and you're left with v=...

Ruby Tang 2J

Blackbody radiation is essentially thermal EM radiation. The reason why it is called "blackbody" is because an ideal blackbody (which does NOT exist in nature -- the closest thing would probably be a black hole) absorbs all radiation (and thus reflects none) and appears to be black because...

Ruby Tang 2J

Once you find the molarity of sodium carbonate solution (should be 0.07967 M), you can write out the following equation to find the amount of solution you need to get 2.15 mmol (or 0.00215 mol) of Na2CO3: 0.07967 mol/L * x L = 0.00215 mol. Once we solve for x, we get 0.02699 L. This is the amount of...

Ruby Tang 2J

46 g of NaCl * (1 mol of NaCl/58.44 g of NaCl) = 0.787 mol of NaCl (6.022 * 10^23 formula units/1 mol of NaCl) = 4.7 * 10^23 formula units of NaCl. You would essentially solve it the same way as you would for any molecular compound; you are just substituting the word "molecule" for "f...

Ruby Tang 2J

A formula unit is the empirical formula of any ionic solid (or covalent network solid). Since these solids (ex. NaCl or SiO2) don't exist as individual molecules, we use the term "formula unit" instead. In the example you stated, alumina is an ionic compound so the technically correct unit...

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