CHEMISTRY COMMUNITY

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Rain becomes acidic when water combines with pollutants in the air, such as SO2.

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The most important biological examples to know are DNA bonding, cisplatin, and hemoglobin and myoglobin.

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In the cis- molecule, the chlorines occur on the same side. In the trans- molecule, chlorine occurs on the opposite side

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they are used when iron and copper occur as the anion in the coordination compound

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The class is technically not curved, but rather scale based. So depending on what the overall class average is, the scale will be shifted and grades will be assigned accordingly I'm pretty sure.

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Go to the final early so you aren't too flustered. If you have trouble with a question, don't sweat it and just come back to it later. Focus on the test itself rather than the final outcome and just try your best!

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Acid rain is formed when pollutants in the air such as sulfur dioxide combine with water, causing the pH of rain to decrease and become more acidic.

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yes, they are essentially the same, just worded differently. for example, a Lewis base and a Bronsted base are the same. this is because when an acid gains a proton, it loses a lone pair.

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Most likely, we will only need to know strong acids and bases. But just to be safe, you could also memorize salts but it is not completely necessary.

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Yes, because a Bronsted base accepts a proton while a Bronsted acid donates a proton.

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Lewis acids accept an electron pair while Lewis bases contain electron pairs.

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It is best to look at the formula and draw the lewis structure. Compounds with longer formulas tend to be elongated.

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To determine intermolecular forces, you have to look at what elements are involved, how they are bonded, and their polarity. If there is an H in the compound, it is likely there is hydrogen bonding. If the atoms are non polar, it is likely the forces are London dispersion.

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VSEPR has to do with the molecular shape, so how the other atoms are positioned around the central atom and how the lone pairs use repulsion to create bond angles with the atoms. Hybridization has to do with the actual orbitals of each of the atoms, usually the central atom. Hybridization is very cl...

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I believe both are acceptable, but I would stick with chloro like in the lecture notes just to be sure since that is the convention used by the professor.

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In chemical formulas, the cation is listed first and then the anion.

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Fluorine has the highest electronegativity since it is the smallest of the halogens atoms. Bigger halogens have more electrons and thus have more electron shielding, so the force of attraction for another electron is not as high as fluorine.

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I think we can turn in homework from section 3f on problems that were not covered by the midterm.

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Since noble gases already have a full octet, they do not attract electrons. So , they are not included in electronegativity and fluorine is the most electronegative element on the periodic table.

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Ionization energy is the amount of energy it takes to remove an electron from an atom while electronegativity is the atom's ability to attract an electron.

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ionic bonds are between a nonmetal and metal while covalent bonds are between two nonmetals.

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yes, ideally the central atom should have a formal charge of zero to create the most stable lewis structure.

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most questions on the exams will give the chemical formula. however, if you would like to memorize some of the chemical formulas, there is a chart in the fundamentals section of the textbook of the main ones you should know.

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nitrogen has all three of its sub shells filled while oxygen has unpaired electrons in its sub shells. this makes nitrogen more stable compared to oxygen. it is easier to remove these unpaired electrons from oxygen, giving it a lower ionization energy since it does not require as much energy as it w...

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you should always draw resonance structures unless otherwise stated just to be safe.

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to calculate formal charge, add up the number of electrons surrounding the atom in the lewis structure with the number of bonds attached to it. subtract this value from the number of valence electrons the original atom has to find the formal charge

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Isoelectronic refers to atoms and ions that have the same number of electrons and thus have the same electron configurations.

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The 5 just means that there are 5 total values for the magnetic quantum number, so you would still have to write out all of the actual values.

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Resonance structures involve moving, adding, or subtracting bonds from a structure between the various atoms. This is because multiple forms of the actual structure of the compound exists since electrons are never only in one place and are constantly moving. Thus, resonance structures imply moving e...

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The atom with the lowest ionization energy is usually the central atom.

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Valence electrons are removed first since they are in the outermost orbital of the atom and are thus the easiest to remove. Then, the order continues going inward.

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Once one electron is removed, the effective nuclear charge increases, making the remaining valence electrons pulled closer to the nucleus. This makes it more difficult for the second or third electron to be removed.

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Atomic radii decreases across a period since electrons are located in the same shell and the increasing number of protons increases the nuclear charge, pulling the electrons towards the nucleus to decrease the radius.

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Isoelectronic atoms are atoms and ions with the same number of electrons.

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Ionic radii increase down a group due to the fact that, since electrons are added to valence shells, these additional shells are further from the nucleus, increasing the ionic radius of the atom.

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Electron affinity is the energy released when an electron is added to the gas phase of an atom. It increases up a group and across a period from left to right. The elements with the highest electron affinities are located in the top right corner of the periodic table in group 17.

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Yes, the more you know about the position, the less you will know about the momentum. Based on the uncertainty equation, you can see that the two are inversely related.

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The greek letter lambda stands for wavelength while the v is the lowercase greek letter nu which stands for frequency.

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Yes, atomic spectroscopy can be used to identify elements. In each element, electrons are at varying energy levels which can be used to identify the different elements.

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E represents the energy of the photon while work represents the amount of energy it takes to remove the electron from the metal

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in the left hand corner there is a link called quick links. click on the tab that says your posts and you should be able to see your past posts.

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I personally think reading the textbook helps a lot since it helps to clarify certain conceptual topics that are difficult or were not covered as much in lecture. The textbook also has a lot of sample problems that are helpful when doing homework.

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No, we do not need a blue book for the test. All materials, including a periodic table and constants sheet with equations, will be provided.

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On lined paper, clearly write out what questions you are doing and make sure that you include your name, discussion section number, and ID number in the header.

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We are allowed to do our homework either on quantum or on the review sections as long as it is five problems total.

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Do not round until the final answer, which should be in 3 significant figures. During the calculation process, use the exact measurements stated by your calculator.

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Yes, as long as you follow all of the steps to show the limiting reactant calculations you should receive full credit.

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The objective is to make all of the stoichiometric coefficients into integers. If they are written in fractions, then multiply the entire equation by the least common denominator to both sides.

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The five homework problems can be from any of the sections and it is due this Friday, October 4.

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Yes, I would recommend writing down the states of each reactant and products as it helps you visualize what is actually occurring in the reaction. This will become more beneficial once we get to more complex reactions such as acids and bases.

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The symbol for molarity is M and the units are mol/L while the units for molar mass are grams/mol.

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If not specified, it is fine to leave the answer in scientific notation as in liters with the correct amount of significant figures. However, for the sake of an experiment, it would be optimal to convert it to milliliters, as it is easier to measure and will thus minimize experimental error.

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