CHEMISTRY COMMUNITY

Sean Sugai 4E

Strong bases dissociate completely in solution whereas weak bases do not. Typically, the reaction for a strong base has a single arrow indicating only a forward reaction, which makes sense since strong bases dissociate completely in solution.

Sean Sugai 4E

Strong acids and bases have weaker bonds between the molecules, which means that they dissociate completely in solution

Sean Sugai 4E

Cisplatin is a chemotherapy drug, and it binds to the nucleotides on DNA to stop cell growth; however, in doing so, it stops the production of normal cells.

Sean Sugai 4E

Substances that have a higher boiling point are more polar and greater IMF, such as dipole-dipole interactions, LDFs, hydrogen bonds, ion-ion, and dipole-induced-dipole.

Sean Sugai 4E

To find out which one is the stronger acid between HClO and HClO2, look at the number of oxygens. Because both molecules have a H and Cl, it falls onto the number of O to determine which is the stronger acid. The general rule is the greater number of O's, the stronger the acid. This is because the o...

Sean Sugai 4E

A hydrogen bond is between a H and an N, O, and F. Potential bonding sites are on the lone pairs of N, O, and F.

Sean Sugai 4E

A conjugate acid of a base is the species formed when the base accepts a proton; a conjugate base of an acid is the species formed when the acid donates a proton. Basically, identify the acids and bases in the reactants. Then, look for the species that has an H+ now and didn't have it before–that's ...

Sean Sugai 4E

A Lewis acid is an electron-pair acceptor and Lewis base is an electron-pair donor.

Sean Sugai 4E

Cisplatin is a chemotherapy drug used to treat cancer. Be sure not to confuse it with transplatin, which has the Cl atoms diagonally across from each other. Cisplatin has the Cl atoms on the same side, which is useful in stopping cell growth and metastasizing cancer.

Sean Sugai 4E

Delocalizing the charge makes the molecule more stable. For instance, between HClO and HClO4, HClO4 would be the stronger acid since it has more oxygens to delocalize the charge. In terms of these molecules too, the greater number of oxygen atoms attached to the central atom makes the molecule a str...

Sean Sugai 4E

Why are all carboxylic acids weak in water?

Sean Sugai 4E

How is HN(CH2CH2NH2)2 tridentate? Is there anyway to think about this without drawing the Lewis structure?

Sean Sugai 4E

The hybridization of the central atom, P, is sp3d because it's shape is trigonal bipyramidal. What is the hybridization of the terminal atoms, F?

Sean Sugai 4E

Why can't nitrogen, oxygen, and fluorine use promotion energy to increase the number of bonds it can form? I know it has to do with no empty p-orbitals, but what does that specifically mean?

Sean Sugai 4E

How is carbon tetravalent? Also, how does this relate to promotion energy?

Sean Sugai 4E

What are the differences between Arrhenius, Bronsted, and Lewis acids and bases?

Sean Sugai 4E

Cisplatin is used in chemotherapy to stop the growth of cancer cells. In the process, it damages DNA and prevents DNA synthesis, which in turn damage the healthy cells.

Sean Sugai 4E

Amphiprotic describes a molecule that can act as a proton donor and as a proton acceptor, such as water. Amphoteric describes a molecule that can react with both acids and bases.

Sean Sugai 4E

In N2O, why is N the central atom instead of O? Also, how many sigma and pi bonds are in this molecule?

Sean Sugai 4E

What is an instantaneous dipole moment and what does it have to do with London forces?

Sean Sugai 4E

Why is C the central atom in HCN? If N was the central atom, there would be formal charges on N and C, which means that it isn't the most stable structure. So, how do we know that C is the central atom?

Sean Sugai 4E

Double, single, and triple bonds are considered one unit, which means that it accounts for one area of electron density even though there might be more bonds being used.

Sean Sugai 4E

AXE is the generic VSEPR formula, and it helps identify molecular shapes based on the combinations of atoms and lone pairs attached to the central atom. In this formula, A represents is the central atom, X is the attached atoms, and E is the lone pairs present. By understanding this formula, you can...

Sean Sugai 4E

When there are no lone pairs, there will be no E in the notation

Sean Sugai 4E

VSEPR stands for Valence-Shell Electron-Pair Repulsion, and it extends Lewis's theory by adding rules that explain bond angles and molecular shapes brought on by lone pairs. According to this model, regions of high electron density repel one another and these regions move to the most distant locatio...

Sean Sugai 4E

Because single and double bonds are considered one unit in the VSEPR model, does it matter which of the Lewis structures contribute to the resonance structure? What's an example of this?

Sean Sugai 4E

In a molecule with lone pairs, the valence electrons play a role in electron arrangement about the central atom. How do lone pair electrons distort the shape of a molecule?

Sean Sugai 4E

Why is water a good solvent for ionic compounds? I understand that water's polarity plays a factor but what does that mean and is there anything else that makes it a good solvent for ionic compounds?

Sean Sugai 4E

Why are all diatomic molecules composed of two different elements at least slightly polar?

Sean Sugai 4E

What are the differences between lewis structures and VSEPR model? Also, what are the rules when doing VSPER models and is there an easy way of thinking about them?

Sean Sugai 4E

How do you find the bond angles of molecules that are not fixed by symmetry? By extension, how was H2O's bond angle found?

Sean Sugai 4E

Atoms and ions with equal number of electrons are isoelectronic. Examples include Na+, F-, and Mg2+. Be cautious, however, as these three ions have the same electron configuration (same number of electrons) but their radii differ because they have different nuclear charges. This means that the Mg2+ ...

Sean Sugai 4E

It depends on what the question is asking. For example, if the question is asking for V2 in mL, then it keep V1 in mL. Likewise, if the question is looking for V2 in L, then convert V1 to L. Be sure to stay consistent with your units as you're solving.

Sean Sugai 4E

From lecture, we know that radicals are exceptions to the octet rule because they have an odd number of electrons, which makes the octet formation numerically impossible, as well as having electrons with unpaired spins, overall making the molecule unstable and highly reactive. In the body, these rad...

Sean Sugai 4E

The octet rule is a general rule of thumb, stating that each atom seeks to have eight valence electrons in its outermost shell. Exceptions to this rule include molecules with an odd number of electrons, which means that the octet formation is numerically impossible. This odd number of valence electr...

Sean Sugai 4E

Because of periodic trends, we can predict, at least in a general sense, the properties of elements. With this in mind, what is the difference between metallic and nonmetallic elements, such as their physical and chemical properties? Is there any easy way or trick to memorizing/thinking about the di...

Sean Sugai 4E

Besides understanding that a formal charge of 0 yields the most stable resonance structure, what other pointers are there for drawing structures and predicting which one contributes the most to the actual structure?

Sean Sugai 4E

Formal charge and oxidation number both give the number of electrons in a compound; in that sense, they are similar conceptually. However, how are they different?

Sean Sugai 4E

The formal charge of an atom is the measure of redistributed electrons in a Lewis structure. Essentially, it is the charge an atom would have if it shared a perfectly covalent bond with other atoms. To find formal charge, use the equation: FC=V–(L+S/2), where V represents the number of valence elect...

Sean Sugai 4E

Why do p-electrons penetrate much less than s-electrons? What does this have to do with wave function, probability density, and shielding?

Sean Sugai 4E

In multi-electron atoms, each electron is repelled by other present electrons. How do more electrons affect shielding and nuclear attraction?

Sean Sugai 4E

The state of an electron is defined by n, l, Ml, and Ms. Why does the size of an atom increase as n increases?

Sean Sugai 4E

The work function is the energy required to remove an electron from a metal, which means that the work function is not constant and changes depending on the metal used. In addition, the kinetic energy of an ejected electron is equal to the difference between the energy from the photon and the work f...

Sean Sugai 4E

Hz is a unit of frequency that denotes the number of complete cycles per second. 1 Hz=1/sec

Sean Sugai 4E

In this experiment, Stern and Gerlach initially pushed a narrow stream of silver atoms through a magnet to determine if the magnetic field would push atoms by different degrees based on the orientation of the electron's spin. This is what they observed at first, but it proved to be misleading since ...

Sean Sugai 4E

9.109 x 10^-31 kg is the set mass of an electron, and we recognize this as a constant. This goes alongside the masses for protons and neutrons, which are about 1.67 x 10-27 kg each. These masses are constants as well.

Sean Sugai 4E

When discovering the photoelectric effect, why did short wavelengths (high frequencies) eject electrons but long wavelengths (low frequencies) couldn't? Also, why did the intensity of the light not matter?

Sean Sugai 4E

What is the relationship between frequency, wavelength, amplitude, and velocity (in terms of light, consider the speed of light)?

Sean Sugai 4E

What does Ek=hv–Φ mean in terms of kinetic energy, electron ejection, intensity of the wave, and work function? Also, what interpretations were made from this equation regarding the photoelectric effect?

Sean Sugai 4E

Using the equations c=λv, E=mc^2, and E=hv, how can you derive De Broglie's equation?

Sean Sugai 4E

Avogadro's number is used to find the number of objects, molecules, atoms, particles, etc. in one mol of an object. More specifically, there are 6.0221 x 10^23 objects in 1 mole of said objects. Mathematically, Avogadro's number is used in a ratio to convert the number of moles to the number of obje...

Sean Sugai 4E

When you have a fraction as a stoichiometric coefficient, multiply both sides of the equation by the denominator of the fraction. For example, NH3 + O2 => NO + H2O, depending on the way you balance the equation, you might get: 2 NH3 + 5/2 O2 => 2 NO + 3 H2O In this case, you multiply both sides of t...

Sean Sugai 4E

The actual yield for an experimental reaction is not equal to the theoretical yield because of side reactions that occur as well as impurities in the container that might hinder the reaction. Additionally, no reaction is ever 100% complete since the reactants don't completely react with each other, ...

Sean Sugai 4E

There isn't really a faster way of doing it, but it helps to think about it as simple as possible. For instance, if I'm trying to find a number to multiply 1.33 by to get a whole number, I think about what number can I multiply 3 to get a number roughly close to 10. In this case, multiplying 3 by 3 ...

Sean Sugai 4E

I'm doing Fundamentals F.11 letter B and I was dividing 31.91 K/30.0983 and it gave me 1.060. I found the rest of the calculations for the other elements and I ended up dividing each of the numbers by the smallest number which was 0.8160. I got 1.299 for K. When do I know when to multiply to find a...

Sean Sugai 4E

To solve this equation, use the dilution equation, M1V1=M2V2, in which M1 and V1 represent the initial molarity and the volume of the solution, respectively, and M2 and V2 represent the final molarity and volume, respectively. The problem provides M1 (0.2M NH4NO3), V1 (1L), and V2 (4L; because the f...

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