CHEMISTRY COMMUNITY

Natalie C 1K

the pH is calculated using the formula: pH= -log[H3O+]

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neutralization occurs when an acid and a base react to form a salt and water

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no, because it is an intermolecular force

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you cannot assume it is a base because it is amphiprotic (it can act as an acid or a base)

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a bronsted acid is the proton donator. a conjugate acid is just the resulting acid in the products of a reaction that is formed when a bronsted base accepts a proton

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water is amphoteric, which means that it can either donate or accept protons

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strong acids dissociate completely in solution, while strong bases dissociate completely in water

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amphoteric compounds are able to donate and accept protons (hydrogen atoms)

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it occurs between an acid an a base and produces water(h2o) and salt

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acids donate protons, while bases accept protons

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Lewis acids accepts electrons, while Bronsted acids donate protons (H+). They are essentially the same, but one looks at electrons, while the other focuses on protons

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Bronsted acids donate protons, while Lewis acids accept electrons

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Bronsted acids and and bases refers to the donating and accepting of protons, while Lewis acids and bases refers to the donating and accepting of electrons

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the proton donor is the acid, and the base is the proton acceptor

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the electronegativity of chlorine is less than fluorine, so HCl is the stronger acid, because it can dissociate more easily than HF

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lone pairs have the greatest repulsion strength, and they repulse electrons of other atoms, which push the atoms closer together and decrease the bond angles

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yes, a single bond has 1 sigma bond, and bonds after that are pi bonds

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lone pairs repulse electrons of other atoms and decrease bond angles

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in two atoms, dipoles cancel out when the dipoles are facing opposite directions

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lone pairs repulse the electrons of other atoms, which affects molecular geometry

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How do you determine whether a dipole is occurring?

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you can determine whether ion-dipole forces are occurring if attraction occurs between an ion and a neutral molecule with a dipole.

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the d-subshell can hold a maximum of 10 electrons. it holds 2 electrons in each of its 5 orbitals.

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increasing the frequency will increase the kinetic energy of ejected electrons. this is only true if the threshold energy is met

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i am still confused on dipole moments... don't all ions have dipole moments because of their different electronegativities?

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the numbers are the bond length, which is measured in Angstroms. Double bonds are shorter than single bonds which is why the bond length for the double bond was less (shorter) than the length for the single bond

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shorter bonds are stronger and harder to break, while longer bonds are weaker

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both hydrogens are used to form hydrogen bonds

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this means that an electron is excited and moves to a higher energy level

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i'm pretty sure that if the question doesn't specify, then writing the noble gas configuration is fine

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metals usually form cations and nonmetals form anions. whether an atom forms a cation or an anion depends on their number of valence electrons. if they have a low number of valence electrons, like metals, then it is easier for them to lose electrons in order to gain a full octet. in contrast, if ato...

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an octet means that an atom has 8 valence electrons, which is usually the most stable configuration for an atom. this is why some atoms are found in their most stable configuration as cations or anions, as this provides them with an octet. noble gases have an octet, which makes them the most stable....

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single bonds are longer than double bonds

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the atom that has the lowest ionization energy is the central atom! ionization energy decreases down a group and increases across a period

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shared electrons are the electrons that are involved in covalent bonds. since they are being shared, each atom receives one out of the 2, so you must divide by 2 because you are only calculating the formal charge for one of the atoms

Natalie C 1K

how are orbitals, shells, and subshells related to one another? im not sure i understand

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if atoms with more electrons have more places where electrons can be found, why does this also increase the amount of nodal planes in that atom?

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electrons have a negative charge, so they like to be as far away from each other as possible. This is why Hund's Rule states that electrons have to be parallel, and in separate orbitals, before they are paired in the same orbital.

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As they are filling up, if the energies of the two orbitals fluctuate and change, then why is it always the case that 4s comes before 3d? if they are fluctuating, then shouldn't 3d sometimes come before 4s?

Natalie C 1K

I am still confused about the 1/2. Why can't we just say that one is positive and one is negative? or why isn't it a +1 and a -1?

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electrons need energy to move up energy levels, so when an electron moves up energy levels, it absorbs energy. in contrast, when an electron moves down energy levels, releases/emits energy.

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in lecture, he said that any moving particle has wavelike properties with wavelength, but these wavelengths are not detectable when they are less than 10^-15m

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when an electron drops down from a higher energy level into n=1, a large amount of energy is released, which corresponds to the ultraviolet region because it is the highest energy

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the speed of light is constant ! because it will never change

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why does destructive interference/waves that are out of phase sometimes cause there to be no wave at all?

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I have the 6th edition and the homework problems are just about the same as the 7th edition, so you would be okay with that edition of the textbook

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a measurement's accuracy is how close it is to the true value. precision is how close measurements are to one another (aka consistency), whether or not it is close to the true value

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Yeah I don't think it matters. I do mine in pencil in case I make a mistake

Natalie C 1K

I'm using the 6th edition and it's definitely usable ! There are just some questions here and there that are slightly different than the 7th edition.

Natalie C 1K

Yes, it's 5 posts and 5 homework problems per week... 5 & 5 to stay alive !

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