For an elementary step, the coefficients double as the order of the reactants.
The order for a non-elementary reaction cannot be determined from the formula, only experimentally.
Search found 111 matches
- Sat Mar 14, 2020 5:48 pm
- Forum: Reaction Mechanisms, Reaction Profiles
- Topic: Order of Reactions
- Replies: 4
- Views: 425
- Sat Mar 14, 2020 5:44 pm
- Forum: General Rate Laws
- Topic: Elementary steps
- Replies: 3
- Views: 377
Re: Elementary steps
Elementary steps make up each baby-step of the reaction, and sum to the total reaction. The total reaction is usually a non-elementary step.
- Sat Mar 14, 2020 5:43 pm
- Forum: Ideal Gases
- Topic: 5% Rule
- Replies: 6
- Views: 598
Re: 5% Rule
You also know that you can use the approximation if your equilibrium constant, K, is small enough.
- Sat Mar 14, 2020 5:41 pm
- Forum: Ideal Gases
- Topic: Kc
- Replies: 7
- Views: 626
Re: Kc
You use any products and reactants so long as they are not liquids or solids.
- Tue Mar 10, 2020 6:45 pm
- Forum: Arrhenius Equation, Activation Energies, Catalysts
- Topic: Activation Energy vs. Free Energy of Activation
- Replies: 3
- Views: 326
Activation Energy vs. Free Energy of Activation
What is the difference between activation energy and free energy of activation?
- Thu Mar 05, 2020 10:00 pm
- Forum: Method of Initial Rates (To Determine n and k)
- Topic: Determining n
- Replies: 5
- Views: 473
Re: Determining n
Do you mean n in electrochemistry, for the number of moles of electrons being transferred? Or n in kinetics, for the order of the reaction?
- Thu Mar 05, 2020 9:54 pm
- Forum: Method of Initial Rates (To Determine n and k)
- Topic: units of k
- Replies: 9
- Views: 716
Re: units of k
If the reaction is zero-order, K has units of M/s
If the reaction is first-order, K has units of 1/s
If the reaction is second-order, K has units of 1/M.s
If the reaction is first-order, K has units of 1/s
If the reaction is second-order, K has units of 1/M.s
- Thu Mar 05, 2020 4:48 pm
- Forum: General Rate Laws
- Topic: First vs Second Order Rate Laws
- Replies: 3
- Views: 324
Re: First vs Second Order Rate Laws
Increasing the concentration of a reactant does NOT increase the rate of the reaction. But as stated above, an increase in concentration would have a greater effect on a second rate reaction than a first rate reaction due to the exponent.
- Thu Mar 05, 2020 4:36 pm
- Forum: Kinetics vs. Thermodynamics Controlling a Reaction
- Topic: Comparing Experimental Data
- Replies: 3
- Views: 331
Re: Comparing Experimental Data
We created a ratio of concentration 2/concentration 1, both of which were raised to the power of m. 2.0 was the value of that ratio (2.0^m). The ratio of the actual rates was also 2, so m must be 1.
- Mon Mar 02, 2020 9:25 pm
- Forum: Galvanic/Voltaic Cells, Calculating Standard Cell Potentials, Cell Diagrams
- Topic: Inert Electrode
- Replies: 1
- Views: 200
Inert Electrode
How do you know if a half reaction needs an inert electrode like Pt?
- Sun Mar 01, 2020 10:34 pm
- Forum: Balancing Redox Reactions
- Topic: Self Test 6L.3
- Replies: 1
- Views: 194
Self Test 6L.3
I don't understand how the textbook found this answer. The questions asks us to write the chemical equation corresponding to a cell, and I found the correct oxidation and reduction equations, but not the correct full equation. reduction : Hg2(NO3)2 + 2e- --> 2Hg + 2NO3- oxidation : 2Hg + 2HCl --> Hg...
- Thu Feb 27, 2020 9:59 pm
- Forum: Work, Gibbs Free Energy, Cell (Redox) Potentials
- Topic: cell potential
- Replies: 3
- Views: 333
Re: cell potential
Cell potential is greatest when the cell reaction first begins to occur. Following this, the concentrations change and the potential is no longer at its maximum value.
- Thu Feb 27, 2020 9:57 pm
- Forum: Interesting Applications: Rechargeable Batteries (Cell Phones, Notebooks, Cars), Fuel Cells (Space Shuttle), Photovoltaic Cells (Solar Panels), Electrolysis, Rust
- Topic: Metal dissolution
- Replies: 10
- Views: 1033
Re: Metal dissolution
I understand how to determine this based on Ecell values, but how would we determine this based off electrochemical properties??
- Thu Feb 27, 2020 9:54 pm
- Forum: Balancing Redox Reactions
- Topic: Acidic/Basic Solutions
- Replies: 3
- Views: 243
Re: Acidic/Basic Solutions
We should be given that information because that affects how we solve the problem.
- Thu Feb 27, 2020 9:50 pm
- Forum: Balancing Redox Reactions
- Topic: When to add H+ or H20
- Replies: 19
- Views: 2506
Re: When to add H+ or H20
You add H2O to balance the oxygen, and H+ to balance the hydrogen in an acidic solution.
You add OH- to balance the oxygen, and H2O to balance the hydrogen in a basic solution.
You add OH- to balance the oxygen, and H2O to balance the hydrogen in a basic solution.
- Thu Feb 27, 2020 9:48 pm
- Forum: Work, Gibbs Free Energy, Cell (Redox) Potentials
- Topic: Where to find Ecell values
- Replies: 15
- Views: 901
Re: Where to find Ecell values
Does anyone know when you would flip the sign in a half relation? I know that if you flip the equation the sign flips, but then do you not do this when calculating E(cell)? like if they give you the E value in the problem and the equation has to be flipped do you flip the sign? The Ecell values giv...
- Sat Feb 22, 2020 11:01 pm
- Forum: Balancing Redox Reactions
- Topic: Basic conditions
- Replies: 6
- Views: 429
Re: Basic conditions
In an acidic solution, you add H+ to balance the hydrogen in the equation. In a basic solution, however, you add OH- to balance the hydrogens (and then add H2O to balance that change in oxygen).
- Sat Feb 22, 2020 11:00 pm
- Forum: Appications of the Nernst Equation (e.g., Concentration Cells, Non-Standard Cell Potentials, Calculating Equilibrium Constants and pH)
- Topic: electrochemical series
- Replies: 4
- Views: 361
Re: electrochemical series
This is just a table, like what can be found in Appendix 2A for enthalpy, entropy, etc.
- Sat Feb 22, 2020 10:59 pm
- Forum: Student Social/Study Group
- Topic: Curve?
- Replies: 50
- Views: 6460
Re: Curve?
There is no specific guideline for this, Lavelle just "curves" according to the final, total class averages. Not much hope though, considering the average on the midterm was fairly high.
- Thu Feb 20, 2020 6:06 pm
- Forum: Galvanic/Voltaic Cells, Calculating Standard Cell Potentials, Cell Diagrams
- Topic: Reaction A
- Replies: 1
- Views: 174
Reaction A
What is reaction A? The textbook keeps referring to a 'reaction A' in order to find the amount of moles in a reaction. Can someone please explain and/or provide me with the page in the textbook that introduces this?
- Wed Feb 19, 2020 7:53 pm
- Forum: Galvanic/Voltaic Cells, Calculating Standard Cell Potentials, Cell Diagrams
- Topic: Hydrogen Galvanic Cell
- Replies: 1
- Views: 204
Hydrogen Galvanic Cell
The textbook states "Not all electrode reactions include a conducting solid as a reactant or product. For example, to use the reduction 2H+ + 2e- --> H2 at an electrode, a chemically inert metallic conductor, such as an unreactive metal or graphite, must carry the electrons into or out of the e...
- Sun Feb 16, 2020 2:02 pm
- Forum: Reaction Enthalpies (e.g., Using Hess’s Law, Bond Enthalpies, Standard Enthalpies of Formation)
- Topic: Hess Law
- Replies: 6
- Views: 423
Re: Hess Law
In order to use Hess's Law, you should be given multiple reactions so that you can add/subtract them as needed. Maybe if you aren't given multiple equations, you could use the reaction enthalpies for the formation of all the products and reactants, and create the equations yourself (ie creating an e...
- Sun Feb 16, 2020 1:58 pm
- Forum: Balancing Redox Reactions
- Topic: half reaction
- Replies: 8
- Views: 479
Re: half reaction
A half reaction is when a redox reaction is broken up into the reduction or oxidation components.
- Tue Feb 11, 2020 10:43 pm
- Forum: Entropy Changes Due to Changes in Volume and Temperature
- Topic: Change in entropy of an irreversible process.
- Replies: 3
- Views: 256
Re: Change in entropy of an irreversible process.
Jack Riley 4f wrote:delta S of the surroundings does equal 0 because it is free expansion, but delta S total must still increase so that only leaves delta S of the system to contribute to this. Thus, delta S total = delta S system =/= 0
Why does deltaS still have to increase?
- Tue Feb 11, 2020 9:10 pm
- Forum: Heat Capacities, Calorimeters & Calorimetry Calculations
- Topic: deltaU for an ideal gas
- Replies: 2
- Views: 182
deltaU for an ideal gas
Can someone please explain how to derive/where these equations come from?
deltaU = 3/2nRdeltaT = 0
and
Utot = 3/2nRT
both for an ideal gas.
deltaU = 3/2nRdeltaT = 0
and
Utot = 3/2nRT
both for an ideal gas.
- Tue Feb 11, 2020 12:45 pm
- Forum: Concepts & Calculations Using Second Law of Thermodynamics
- Topic: Spontaneity - Enthalpy
- Replies: 1
- Views: 127
Spontaneity - Enthalpy
Is a spontaneous process accompanied by an increase in entropy of the surroundings, or of the system?
- Tue Feb 11, 2020 12:42 pm
- Forum: Entropy Changes Due to Changes in Volume and Temperature
- Topic: Change in entropy of an irreversible process.
- Replies: 3
- Views: 256
Change in entropy of an irreversible process.
Why is deltaS of an irreversible process not equal to zero? For example, 4I.9 states that for the irreversible process, deltaS is the same as deltaS for the reversible process. This does not make sense to me, because the process in this example is also free expansion. Therefore, w= 0, deltaU= 0, and...
- Tue Feb 11, 2020 12:37 pm
- Forum: Entropy Changes Due to Changes in Volume and Temperature
- Topic: How to think of entropy?
- Replies: 2
- Views: 114
How to think of entropy?
Prof. Lavelle has said multiple times not to think of entropy as disorder. If we don't think of entropy as disorder, how should we think of it?
- Sun Feb 09, 2020 2:16 pm
- Forum: Gibbs Free Energy Concepts and Calculations
- Topic: Entropy units
- Replies: 7
- Views: 443
Re: Entropy units
I'm sure either are fine, but if you have a large number of joules (1000+), it might be more useful to provide the answer in kilojoules.
- Sun Feb 09, 2020 2:15 pm
- Forum: Non-Equilibrium Conditions & The Reaction Quotient
- Topic: solids and liquids in the rxn quotient
- Replies: 8
- Views: 531
Re: solids and liquids in the rxn quotient
Yes, liquids and solids are excluded from calculating K or Q.
- Sun Feb 09, 2020 2:11 pm
- Forum: Entropy Changes Due to Changes in Volume and Temperature
- Topic: Cm
- Replies: 4
- Views: 184
Re: Cm
Cm is the molar specific heat of the compound.
- Sun Feb 09, 2020 2:10 pm
- Forum: Reaction Enthalpies (e.g., Using Hess’s Law, Bond Enthalpies, Standard Enthalpies of Formation)
- Topic: ST 4A.1A [ENDORSED]
- Replies: 3
- Views: 501
Re: ST 4A.1A [ENDORSED]
Chem_Mod wrote:What answer did you get? It might be an error because other students are getting different numbers as well. I got -.94kJ, not -.86kJ.
I got -.95kJ as well.
- Tue Feb 04, 2020 2:21 pm
- Forum: Reaction Enthalpies (e.g., Using Hess’s Law, Bond Enthalpies, Standard Enthalpies of Formation)
- Topic: C = K?
- Replies: 5
- Views: 390
C = K?
Example 4A.4 in the textbook gives a change in temperature in celsius, then states that it is the same amount in kelvin. How is this possible?
- Tue Feb 04, 2020 2:13 pm
- Forum: Reaction Enthalpies (e.g., Using Hess’s Law, Bond Enthalpies, Standard Enthalpies of Formation)
- Topic: ST 4A.1A [ENDORSED]
- Replies: 3
- Views: 501
ST 4A.1A [ENDORSED]
I've done this problem so many times and I can't get the right answer. Can someone please write out the solution? Water expands when it freezes. How much work does 100. g of water do when it freezes at 0 deg. C and pushes back the metal wall of a pipe that exerts an opposing pressure of 1070 atm? Th...
- Wed Jan 29, 2020 7:25 pm
- Forum: Heat Capacities, Calorimeters & Calorimetry Calculations
- Topic: q vs deltaH
- Replies: 6
- Views: 254
Re: q vs deltaH
q represents the transfer of heat to or from the system. Delta H represents the sum of the internal energy in the system, taking into account the system's pressure and volume when necessary.
- Wed Jan 29, 2020 7:24 pm
- Forum: Heat Capacities, Calorimeters & Calorimetry Calculations
- Topic: memorize
- Replies: 6
- Views: 270
Re: memorize
We should be given a table with a number of different values, including the heat capacity of various elements/compounds.
- Wed Jan 29, 2020 7:23 pm
- Forum: Reaction Enthalpies (e.g., Using Hess’s Law, Bond Enthalpies, Standard Enthalpies of Formation)
- Topic: Enthalpies
- Replies: 4
- Views: 242
Re: Enthalpies
The standard enthalpy of formation is the change in enthalpy that accompanies the formation of one mole of a compound from its elements. The standard enthalpy of reaction is the change in enthalpy that occurs in a system when one mole of matter is transformed by a chemical reaction.
- Wed Jan 29, 2020 7:19 pm
- Forum: Reaction Enthalpies (e.g., Using Hess’s Law, Bond Enthalpies, Standard Enthalpies of Formation)
- Topic: Delta U
- Replies: 6
- Views: 289
Re: Delta U
Delta U is the internal energy of the system/reaction, or the total store of energy in a system. One way delta U can be calculated is by subtracting the internal energy of the initial system from the internal energy of the final system.
- Wed Jan 29, 2020 7:17 pm
- Forum: Reaction Enthalpies (e.g., Using Hess’s Law, Bond Enthalpies, Standard Enthalpies of Formation)
- Topic: Exothermic and Endothermic
- Replies: 11
- Views: 775
Re: Exothermic and Endothermic
The enthalpy for an exothermic reaction is negative because the system/reaction loses energy, and the surroundings gain energy. Similarly, an endothermic reaction requires energy, so the enthalpy value is positive.
- Sun Jan 26, 2020 9:02 pm
- Forum: Phase Changes & Related Calculations
- Topic: Enthalpy is said to be additive
- Replies: 10
- Views: 333
Re: Enthalpy is said to be additive
Enthalpy is additive because it is a state function, meaning it can be added or subtracted.
- Sun Jan 26, 2020 9:01 pm
- Forum: Phase Changes & Related Calculations
- Topic: Heat v Enthalpy
- Replies: 3
- Views: 168
Re: Heat v Enthalpy
Enthalpy is a state function that keeps tract of the losses of energy during heat transfer. Heat itself, however, like work, is not a state function because it depends on the path used to go from the initial to the final state.
- Sun Jan 26, 2020 8:58 pm
- Forum: Phase Changes & Related Calculations
- Topic: Phase Changes
- Replies: 7
- Views: 245
Re: Phase Changes
You should calculate the enthalpy, then add the enthalpy of the phase change.
- Sun Jan 26, 2020 8:45 pm
- Forum: Phase Changes & Related Calculations
- Topic: Why does steam cause burns?
- Replies: 29
- Views: 1270
Re: Why does steam cause burns?
The steam has much higher enthalpy than the liquid, because more heat is required to achieve a gaseous state. Therefore, when it comes into contact with your skin and quickly condenses, it releases a large amount of heat in comparison to that that would be released by the liquid state.
- Sat Jan 25, 2020 6:47 pm
- Forum: Phase Changes & Related Calculations
- Topic: Reading?
- Replies: 5
- Views: 326
Reading?
What order did Prof. Lavelle recommend we read the textbook in, since he said he was going out of order for the Thermochemistry outline?
- Sat Jan 18, 2020 9:18 pm
- Forum: Applying Le Chatelier's Principle to Changes in Chemical & Physical Conditions
- Topic: 5.39
- Replies: 1
- Views: 108
5.39
5.39 part b asks us to find the new equilibrium concentrations of two gases when the volume of the flask they are contained in is reduced by half. The original concentration of one of the gases was 0.020 M. The solutions manual immediately finds that the new concentration of this gas is 0.040 M. How...
- Fri Jan 17, 2020 3:23 pm
- Forum: Equilibrium Constants & Calculating Concentrations
- Topic: Kc & Kp
- Replies: 12
- Views: 334
Re: Kc & Kp
Can we just use K and not specify Kc or Kp? Or would we be marked down?
- Fri Jan 17, 2020 3:20 pm
- Forum: Ideal Gases
- Topic: PV=nRT equation manipulation
- Replies: 13
- Views: 721
Re: PV=nRT equation manipulation
Manipulating the PV=nRT is helpful because P gives the partial pressure of gases, which we can use when the problem provides us only with molar concentrations.
- Fri Jan 17, 2020 3:17 pm
- Forum: Non-Equilibrium Conditions & The Reaction Quotient
- Topic: Partial Pressure
- Replies: 19
- Views: 749
Re: Partial Pressure
How can we convert between atm and bars? The examples in the book show that the conversion is not 1:1.
- Fri Jan 17, 2020 3:11 pm
- Forum: Applying Le Chatelier's Principle to Changes in Chemical & Physical Conditions
- Topic: Inert Gas does not change pressure?
- Replies: 7
- Views: 290
Re: Inert Gas does not change pressure?
Do you have to change the volume in order to change the pressure? Or would adding a non-inert gas affect pressure as well?
- Wed Jan 15, 2020 9:10 pm
- Forum: Non-Equilibrium Conditions & The Reaction Quotient
- Topic: Self Test 5I.3b
- Replies: 4
- Views: 297
Self Test 5I.3b
I'm not sure how to start the calculations for Self Test 5I.3b. Can anyone explain how to begin? Hydrogen chloride gas is added to a reaction vessel containing solid iodine until its partial pressure reaches 0.012 bar. At the temperature of the experiment, K = 3.5 x 10^-32 for 2HCl(g) + I2(s) -> 2HI...
- Fri Jan 10, 2020 11:17 am
- Forum: Ideal Gases
- Topic: Understanding Q
- Replies: 13
- Views: 547
Re: Understanding Q
I believe we would omit pure solids and liquids because Q is calculated in the same way as K.
- Fri Jan 10, 2020 11:16 am
- Forum: Ideal Gases
- Topic: Solving for K (coefficients)
- Replies: 11
- Views: 586
Re: Solving for K (coefficients)
The reactants/products don't have to be in a specific order in the calculation of K itself, but the stoichiometric coefficients should be assigned to their respective reactant/product.
- Fri Jan 10, 2020 11:15 am
- Forum: Ideal Gases
- Topic: What is the Importance of homogeneous vs heterogeneous equilibria [ENDORSED]
- Replies: 12
- Views: 542
Re: What is the Importance of homogeneous vs heterogeneous equilibria [ENDORSED]
I believe it is important so that we use the correct state when calculated K (using brackets for aqueous reactants/products, P for gaseous reactants/products, and knowing not to include pure solids and liquids in the calculation).
- Fri Jan 10, 2020 11:13 am
- Forum: Ideal Gases
- Topic: K
- Replies: 10
- Views: 525
Re: K
Kc and Kp are the same, they are just used for reactions in different states.
- Fri Jan 10, 2020 11:12 am
- Forum: Ideal Gases
- Topic: Difference between K and Q
- Replies: 9
- Views: 332
Re: Difference between K and Q
Q can be taken at any point in a reaction while K is taken when the reaction has reached equilibrium. If K = Q, then the reaction was in equilibrium at the time Q was taken. K and Q can be compared to each other in order to determine if the forward or reverse reaction is favored.
- Thu Dec 05, 2019 5:10 pm
- Forum: Naming
- Topic: Ammine vs. Amine
- Replies: 1
- Views: 204
Ammine vs. Amine
When are we supposed to use ammine, and when should we use amine?
For example, ethylenediamine (en) uses amine and has NH2 groups, but the ligand HN3 is called ammine. What is the reasoning? What about NH4+?
For example, ethylenediamine (en) uses amine and has NH2 groups, but the ligand HN3 is called ammine. What is the reasoning? What about NH4+?
- Wed Dec 04, 2019 11:29 pm
- Forum: Shape, Structure, Coordination Number, Ligands
- Topic: Ligand Names
- Replies: 2
- Views: 150
Ligand Names
Are the ligands on the test (that we are expected to know) limited to the ligand table Prof. Lavelle created (named Ligand Names in Coordination Compounds)? Or are we expected to be able to recall more?
- Wed Dec 04, 2019 11:11 pm
- Forum: Naming
- Topic: Naming Compounds
- Replies: 2
- Views: 152
Re: Naming Compounds
I was hoping these wouldn't be on the final... but I'd like to know the answer as well.
- Wed Dec 04, 2019 11:10 pm
- Forum: Quantum Numbers and The H-Atom
- Topic: 1E.5 part d
- Replies: 1
- Views: 187
Re: 1E.5 part d
The more electron shielding an electron has, the lower the Zeff it experiences. Because the 1s orbital has more density near the nucleus than the 1p orbital, it is said to shield the 1p orbital from the full effective charge of the nucleus, Zeff. Key misunderstanding here is that the s and p orbital...
- Wed Dec 04, 2019 10:58 pm
- Forum: Properties & Structures of Inorganic & Organic Acids
- Topic: Stronger acid?
- Replies: 13
- Views: 1235
Re: Stronger acid?
HCLO2 would be the stronger acid, because the greater the # of oxygen atoms attached to the central atom, the stronger the acid.
- Wed Dec 04, 2019 6:14 pm
- Forum: Calculating pH or pOH for Strong & Weak Acids & Bases
- Topic: K constant and pK value
- Replies: 3
- Views: 208
K constant and pK value
Do we need to know how to calculate the Ka, acid dissociation constant, and Kb, the base dissociation constant? Or are these the same as the K constant itself?
Also, is Kw within our scope?
Also, is Kw within our scope?
- Sun Dec 01, 2019 5:34 pm
- Forum: Lewis Acids & Bases
- Topic: acid v. base?
- Replies: 16
- Views: 962
Re: acid v. base?
The Lewis structure of a Lewis acid typically has a positive charge, making them capable and likely to accept an electron pair. Lewis bases typically have a lone pair available to donate.
- Sun Dec 01, 2019 5:28 pm
- Forum: Conjugate Acids & Bases
- Topic: NH3, acid or base?
- Replies: 12
- Views: 8249
Re: NH3, acid or base?
Ammonia is considered a Bronsted base because it loses its lone pair and accepts a proton to become NH4+.
- Sun Dec 01, 2019 5:20 pm
- Forum: Calculating pH or pOH for Strong & Weak Acids & Bases
- Topic: pH scale
- Replies: 12
- Views: 668
Re: pH scale
pH cannot be negative, which is why the formula for calculating pH is -log(H3O+).
- Sun Dec 01, 2019 5:15 pm
- Forum: Industrial Examples
- Topic: Biological examples of co-ordination compounds
- Replies: 3
- Views: 834
Re: Biological examples of co-ordination compounds
Prof. Lavelle did spend a significant amount of time on cisplatin, so I think we should understand that and the distinction between cis and trans.
- Sun Dec 01, 2019 5:10 pm
- Forum: Naming
- Topic: How to Know the Charge of Ions
- Replies: 7
- Views: 503
How to Know the Charge of Ions
How are we expected to know the charge of ions quickly (SO4 2-, CO3 2-)? Are we going to be given the ligand table shared by Prof. Lavelle on the final?
If not, what is the method for accurately determining the charge of an ion?
If not, what is the method for accurately determining the charge of an ion?
- Sat Nov 23, 2019 9:50 pm
- Forum: Sigma & Pi Bonds
- Topic: How to Find Sigma Bonds and Pi Bonds
- Replies: 15
- Views: 1220
Re: How to Find Sigma Bonds and Pi Bonds
The Lewis structure shows you how many single/double/triple bonds there are.
Single bond = 1 sigma bond
Double bond = 1 sigma bond + 1 pi bond
Triple bond = 1 sigma bond + 2 pi bonds
Single bond = 1 sigma bond
Double bond = 1 sigma bond + 1 pi bond
Triple bond = 1 sigma bond + 2 pi bonds
- Sat Nov 23, 2019 9:47 pm
- Forum: Hybridization
- Topic: Hybridization Notation
- Replies: 5
- Views: 395
Re: Hybridization Notation
It should be written sp^3d.
- Sat Nov 23, 2019 9:46 pm
- Forum: Bronsted Acids & Bases
- Topic: Bronsted Acids vs Lewis acids
- Replies: 4
- Views: 165
Re: Bronsted Acids vs Lewis acids
I think they're two different acid-base theories; the difference is that a Lewis theory states that an acid is an electron acceptor and a base is an electron donor, and the Bronsted theory states that an acid is a proton donor and a base is a proton acceptor.
- Sat Nov 23, 2019 9:37 pm
- Forum: Shape, Structure, Coordination Number, Ligands
- Topic: Coordinate covalent bonds
- Replies: 2
- Views: 154
Re: Coordinate covalent bonds
I think the difference is that in a covalent bond, both atoms contribute electrons to the bond, but in a coordinate covalent bond, both electrons of the bond are donated from one of the atoms.
- Sat Nov 23, 2019 9:36 pm
- Forum: Naming
- Topic: Naming order
- Replies: 2
- Views: 175
Re: Naming order
The ligands should be ordered alphabetically
- Sun Nov 17, 2019 6:04 pm
- Forum: Octet Exceptions
- Topic: Octet expansion
- Replies: 6
- Views: 554
Re: Octet expansion
Elements in the p-block of the 3rd period or lower can have expanded octets. I don't think we've learned the maximum amount of electrons they can hold.
- Sun Nov 17, 2019 6:02 pm
- Forum: Determining Molecular Shape (VSEPR)
- Topic: single, double, and triple bonds
- Replies: 6
- Views: 468
Re: single, double, and triple bonds
Regardless of how many electrons are held within the bond, they all act as a single unit because they all lie in the same region.
- Sun Nov 17, 2019 6:00 pm
- Forum: SI Units, Unit Conversions
- Topic: Memorizing Conversions
- Replies: 25
- Views: 1378
Re: Memorizing Conversions
The constants and equations sheet is on the class website, and that's the same one given for the midterm and final. You should check it out, and if there's anything that is not on there, you should memorize it.
- Sun Nov 17, 2019 5:56 pm
- Forum: Determining Molecular Shape (VSEPR)
- Topic: Grading
- Replies: 7
- Views: 469
Re: Grading
Lavelle uses the class average at the end of the quarter to assign final grades.. I'd like to know an approximate of what an A would be though, percentage wise.
- Sun Nov 17, 2019 5:54 pm
- Forum: Formal Charge and Oxidation Numbers
- Topic: Calculating formal charge
- Replies: 8
- Views: 652
Re: Calculating formal charge
You should just calculate the formal charges of all the atoms, and use all of them to determine whether or not you need to change the structure (bonds/lone pairs).
- Sun Nov 10, 2019 1:59 pm
- Forum: Polarisability of Anions, The Polarizing Power of Cations
- Topic: Can polar molecules be more polar than another?
- Replies: 5
- Views: 274
Re: Can polar molecules be more polar than another?
Yes, some polar molecules can be more polar than another. This is related to the molecule's differences in electronegativity as well as their symmetry.
- Sun Nov 10, 2019 1:55 pm
- Forum: Dipole Moments
- Topic: Boiling Point
- Replies: 11
- Views: 734
Re: Boiling Point
Boiling points relate to dipole-dipole interactions because as the strength of these interactions increases, more energy is required to separate the molecules, leading to a proportional increase in boiling point.
- Sun Nov 10, 2019 1:53 pm
- Forum: Electronegativity
- Topic: Ionization energy of O vs N
- Replies: 6
- Views: 1811
Re: Ionization energy of O vs N
It's easier understand this if you look at it visually, by drawing out the p-orbitals for each atom. N has one electron in each p-orbital, and O has one electron in 2 of the orbitals, and two electrons in one of the orbitals. N's electron configuration is more stable because its orbitals are half-fi...
- Sun Nov 10, 2019 1:45 pm
- Forum: Octet Exceptions
- Topic: General principles of octet exception
- Replies: 7
- Views: 342
Re: General principles of octet exception
When a central atom has empty d-orbitals close in energy to valence orbitals, it can accommodate an expanded octet. Basically, atoms in the p-block of period 3+ can accommodate an expanded octet, but the size of the central atom also matters. It has to be physically capable of forming bonds to more ...
- Sun Nov 10, 2019 1:43 pm
- Forum: SI Units, Unit Conversions
- Topic: Homework from Outline 3 due?
- Replies: 5
- Views: 493
Re: Homework from Outline 3 due?
I'd think the homework should be from Outline 3, considering the midterm only covered through 2D, and we haven't even really covered much of 2F or 2E yet.
- Sat Nov 02, 2019 10:51 pm
- Forum: Ionic & Covalent Bonds
- Topic: ionic vs. covalent
- Replies: 7
- Views: 388
Re: ionic vs. covalent
When drawing our Lewis structures, is it necessary to indicate if bonds are covalent or ionic?
- Sat Nov 02, 2019 10:45 pm
- Forum: Resonance Structures
- Topic: Visual structure of resonance structure
- Replies: 3
- Views: 185
Re: Visual structure of resonance structure
The electrons are not divided! Resonance just means that there are multiple possibilities for how the electrons are distributed around the structure.
- Sat Nov 02, 2019 10:43 pm
- Forum: Lewis Structures
- Topic: Lewis Structures
- Replies: 9
- Views: 525
Re: Lewis Structures
I think we're supposed to draw the one that is the most stable, i.e. lowest formal charges for each atom (I think that's what you're referring to by 'lowest energy').
- Sat Nov 02, 2019 10:42 pm
- Forum: Ionic & Covalent Bonds
- Topic: Midterm
- Replies: 28
- Views: 1332
Re: Midterm
The midterm will include outlines 1 and 2, and most of the curriculum from outline 3. It stops where the Friday lecture ended.
- Sat Nov 02, 2019 10:41 pm
- Forum: Wave Functions and s-, p-, d-, f- Orbitals
- Topic: Filling of Orbitals
- Replies: 2
- Views: 137
Filling of Orbitals
Why is the d-orbital filled before the s-orbital is filled for some atoms? For example, the electron configuration for Silver is [KR] 4d^10 5s^1. Why is the electron configuration not [KR] 4d^9 5s^2?
- Sun Oct 27, 2019 7:47 pm
- Forum: Wave Functions and s-, p-, d-, f- Orbitals
- Topic: p-orbitals
- Replies: 11
- Views: 469
Re: p-orbitals
You should use the simplified form unless specified otherwise (i.e. if the question wants to know which orbitals are occupied).
- Sun Oct 27, 2019 7:31 pm
- Forum: Trends in The Periodic Table
- Topic: Cations
- Replies: 8
- Views: 373
Re: Cations
Cations are smaller than their parents atoms because they have less electrons. Similarly, anions are larger than their parent atoms, because they have more electrons.
- Sun Oct 27, 2019 7:28 pm
- Forum: Formal Charge and Oxidation Numbers
- Topic: Formal Charge and Lone Pairs
- Replies: 4
- Views: 242
Re: Formal Charge and Lone Pairs
You count the number of bonded electrons, not the number of pairs.
- Sun Oct 27, 2019 7:16 pm
- Forum: General Science Questions
- Topic: Study Guides
- Replies: 6
- Views: 321
Re: Study Guides
If you purchased the textbook bundle from UCLA, there is a resource called Sapling Learning that is similar to Prof. Lavelle's focus topics, and I believe they have practice problems as well.
- Sun Oct 27, 2019 7:13 pm
- Forum: Properties of Electrons
- Topic: Electron removal
- Replies: 11
- Views: 432
Re: Electron removal
Ionization energy decreases as the size of the orbital increases. This is because as the orbital size increases, electrons become farther from the nucleus, and therefore farther from its positive charge, making them easier to remove than core electrons.
- Sun Oct 20, 2019 4:00 pm
- Forum: Properties of Electrons
- Topic: Shared Electrons
- Replies: 4
- Views: 271
Re: Shared Electrons
This has to do with Hund's rule. Basically, if more than 1 orbital in a sub shell is available, you should add electrons with parallel spins to different orbitals before filling up a singular orbital. This configuration has slightly lower energy than that of a paired arrangement because it maximizes...
- Sun Oct 20, 2019 3:51 pm
- Forum: Properties of Light
- Topic: Equations and Constants
- Replies: 6
- Views: 276
Re: Equations and Constants
Also, I don't believe the conversions are provided on the tests (all the 10^x formulas).
- Sun Oct 20, 2019 3:41 pm
- Forum: Properties of Light
- Topic: Unit for Wavelength
- Replies: 34
- Views: 2501
Re: Unit for Wavelength
The unit for wavelength is meters... but, we aren't provided the conversions to nanometers, picometers, etc. on tests, so you should memorize the conversions for these.
- Sun Oct 20, 2019 3:37 pm
- Forum: Properties of Light
- Topic: Modules
- Replies: 5
- Views: 284
Re: Modules
Sapling Learning is a similar kind of resource. You should have access to it if you purchased the textbook bundle through UCLA, and there are some learning objective courses on there.
- Sun Oct 20, 2019 3:31 pm
- Forum: Properties of Light
- Topic: Balmer and Lyman series.
- Replies: 2
- Views: 196
Balmer and Lyman series.
Can someone please explain the significant of the Balmer and Lyman series'? I understand they are both sequences of lines corresponding to atomic transitions, but what is their use in this level of chemistry? Are the series going to be incorporated into questions, or are they provided to increase th...
- Sat Oct 12, 2019 11:13 pm
- Forum: DeBroglie Equation
- Topic: Knowing Which Equation to Use
- Replies: 4
- Views: 256
Re: Knowing Which Equation to Use
I usually begin by circling the quantities and units given in the problem, and what type of unit I need to find. Then, I just find which equation allows me work between what is given and the unknown.
- Sat Oct 12, 2019 11:10 pm
- Forum: DeBroglie Equation
- Topic: De Broglie's Equation
- Replies: 2
- Views: 136
Re: De Broglie's Equation
De Broglie's equation is reserved for objects that mass, like electrons, cars, or baseballs. Since light is, by definition, mass-less, De Broglie's equation does not apply. The wavelength of light can be determined given the speed and frequency of the light wave, as wavelength = c/v.
- Sat Oct 12, 2019 11:05 pm
- Forum: Properties of Electrons
- Topic: Wavelength and Electrons
- Replies: 4
- Views: 265
Re: Wavelength and Electrons
Wavelength depends on the speed that the object is moving at. The wavelength of any given electron is not constant.
Wavelength can be determined using the De Broglie equation: h (Planck's constant) / (mass)(velocity) of the given object.
Wavelength can be determined using the De Broglie equation: h (Planck's constant) / (mass)(velocity) of the given object.
- Sat Oct 12, 2019 10:55 pm
- Forum: Properties of Light
- Topic: Equations We’ve Learned So Far
- Replies: 11
- Views: 699
Re: Equations We’ve Learned So Far
Anyone have any tips for distinguishing between formulas designated for electrons vs those related to light? I'm having trouble keeping all their meanings and uses straight.