CHEMISTRY COMMUNITY

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Changing the mass of the electrode won't change the cell potential. Changing the concentration of the solution would result in an increase in the cell potential.

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Isochoric means to have constant volume while isometric means having the same dimensions.

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If H2O is in the gaseous form, it should be included. But if it's in the liquid or solid form, then it doesn't need to be included.

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They refer to the same type of cell. The three types of cells that we've covered are galvanic/voltaic, electrolytic, and concentration cells.

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The reverse reaction rate can be found if you know the equilibrium constant and the forward reaction rate. The equilibrium constant is equal to the forward rate divided by the reverse rate.

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A glass electrode is an ion-selective electrode that is made to be sensitive to a specific type of ion. For example, a pH meter is a glass electrode that is made to detect H+.

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If the reaction is aqueous on both sides, use commas to separate the species. You'll also need an inert metal (such as Platinum) to act as the conductor, which would go on the very left and right sides, separated from the aqueous species with single bars.

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The instantaneous rate is over a very short period of time, whereas the average reaction rate is over the entirety of the reaction.

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Once the enzyme becomes saturated, it is working at its optimal performance, so the reaction rate levels off.

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A concentration cell has the same anode and cathode, but instead of the concentrations being at 1 M all the time, the concentration cell's anode and cathode will each have a different concentration. The difference in concentration allows there to be a charge gradient to make the cell work.

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The Nernst equation can be used to find the reaction quotient, which you can use to find the concentration of reactants or products. The anode will be the product.

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Once you balance the redox reaction, you'll be able to determine how many moles of electrons are transferred, and that's the number you would use for n.

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The larger the number in terms of magnitude, the stronger the agent would be.

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Start with adding H₂O for balancing the oxygen, then add H+ to balance the hydrogens, and finally OH-.

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Solid metal acts as the conductor, with the exception of liquid mercury which can also be a conductor.

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Liquid mercury has the property of being able to conduct electricity, so it doesn't need a solid metal conductor.

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One equation is adding the reduction potentials of the reactants and products together (making sure to flip the sign of the oxidized species), whereas the other method is to look specifically at the anode and the cathode and subtracting the cathode from the anode. The difference between the two is t...

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The anode is always the one that is oxidized and the cathode is reduced, so if you know which species are oxidized or reduced, you can differentiate between the anode and the cathode. Would you know this by an equation given or the electron flow? Given a chemical equation, you can determine what sp...

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Everything except metals and metalloids (some more than others) are nonconducting solids.

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Standard cell potential is an intensive property, but it is still a chemical reaction that reaches equilibrium, which means it will be affected by a change in concentration or anything else in Le Chatelier's principle.

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Electrons are transferred from one species to another, so there is no way of measuring the electrons lost or gained by a single species without a second one to accept or donate those electrons.

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The anode is always the one that is oxidized and the cathode is reduced, so if you know which species are oxidized or reduced, you can differentiate between the anode and the cathode.

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The temperature cancels out in the equation.

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K depends on T, so if one changes, so will the other.

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Temperature is not held constant in the Van't Hoff equation, so Gibbs free energy is not constant.

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Knowing if the reaction takes place in an acidic, basic, or neutral environment dictates how you would balance the reaction.

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Yes, and the electrons in both equations would cancel out with each other so you'll just be left with the products and reactants.

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Degeneracy is really only used in thermochemistry for calculating the entropy in the Boltzmann equation.

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W refers to degeneracy, which is a statistical value for the number of different combinations for the arrangement of the molecules.

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For solids and liquids, the volume is difficult to change when the pressure is constant, also the number would be so small that it is negligible.

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The numbers that you plug into the ICE table should be either molarity or pressure (for gases). Once you have molarity or pressure, you can calculate for the mass using the Ideal Gas Law and the molar mass of the molecule.

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Yes, we always exclude solids and liquids when calculating for Q or K.

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Bomb calorimeters are isolated from the environment, creating a constant volume where nothing can go in or out of the system, which makes it an isolated system.

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A calorimeter measures the mass of liquid and the temperature change of the liquid to determine the quantity of energy gained or lost. It will usually have an inner and outer vessel to create an insulator and a thermometer and stirrer. The temperature change can be recorded and specific heat capacit...

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If work is done on a system, meaning that energy is going into the system to make something happen, it is positive. The opposite is negative. For example, is your system is gas in a piston, work being done on the system is when it is being compressed, so the work done is positive and the work done b...

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The standard enthalpy of formation is the enthalpy change between the elements in their standard state (reactants) and the compounds (products). The standard enthalpy of reaction is the heat given off or taken up for the reaction, in other words, the enthalpy difference between the reactants and the...

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The change in internal energy, delta U, is calculated through Q plus W, where Q is the amount of heat transferred into the system and W is the work done on the system.

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Delta U refers to the change in the internal energy of a system, which is equal to the net heat transfer into the system Q, plus the net work done on the system, W.

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Pressure and enthalpy have a directly proportional relationship with each other, so if one changes, the other will change in response.

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Irreversible expansion is gas expansion against constant external pressure. Also, it can be considered as an expansion that happens spontaneously without doing any work.

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You could also determine the shift by calculating the reaction quotient given the new circumstances and compare that to the equilibrium constant.

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Phase changes are whenever the phase (solid, liquid, or gas) of a compound changes. The temperature stays constant during the change because the energy is being used to break the bonds that are holding that compound in that specific phase.

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K_w is equal to the concentration of H₃O⁺ multiplied by the concentration of OH^-. If you multiply K_a and K_b together, all species except for H₃O⁺ and OH^- would cancel out, giving you K_w.

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For part B, the solution has been diluted due to the mistake made by the technician, so in order to solve for the pH, you would need to know the new concentration of the solution. To find that, you need to use the dilution equation: M₁V₁=M₂V₂.

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Having a smaller K value indicates that the reactants are more stable than the products because a small K value means that the equation favors the reactants. The reverse is true if the K value is large, where the equation favors the products and the products are, therefore, more stable.

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Other than the "short cut," you could solve for the equilibrium constant given the new conditions and compare it to the original. The comparison would tell you which way the equation would shift to, if at all.

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Given moles or grams, use the Ideal Gas law (PV=nRT) to pressure. Once converted, you can calculate using K_p.

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According to the book, the inert gas increases the total pressure within a reaction vessel. The reacting gases, however, will still occupy the same volume, meaning their concentrations and partial pressures remain the same despite the inert gas. Thus, the introduction of the inert gas has no effect...

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K and Q can have different values because the concentrations used the calculate them are different even though the method to do so is the same. Because Q can be calculated at any point during the reaction, the concentrations won't be constant like they would if you were calculating K.

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If you know the molar concentration, you technically do know volume because molar concentration is mol per liter. For example, if there is 0.3 mol/L of a reactant, that means the volume is one liter. Hope that answered your question!

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You would have to convert the gaseous species into concentration using the Ideal Gas Law and find K_c. There is no way to find K_p because the aqueous species have no partial pressure.

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K or Kp is used when there are gases in the chemical equation, unless stated otherwise because gases can be discussed in terms of molar concentration. Meanwhile, Kc is for concentrations in mol/L for solutes in a condensed phase. Hi, I was wondering if you could explain why gases would be discussed...

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