CHEMISTRY COMMUNITY

Pranav Daggubati 3C

T is always in Kelvin because the gas constant r has a kelvin unit in it.

Pranav Daggubati 3C

The direction you do it in results in reciprocal values of Kc. This is because Kc would be flipped if reversed. However, the question asks for the Kc related to the forward reaction.

Pranav Daggubati 3C

You can use ICE charts when finding how much a concentration changed when going to equilibrium, which allows you to find al of the equilibrium concentrations, and then calculate Kc using that.

Pranav Daggubati 3C

An easy way to think about it would be to think of p as a modifier that states the relative amount of things that are released. pH is then a measure of the number of H3O+ ions that are created when something dissolves. pKa would be the measure of the relative number of disassociations that happen wh...

Pranav Daggubati 3C

As n is the number of moles and V is volume in liters, it is easy to see that n/V is just molarity, which is a measure of concentration.

Pranav Daggubati 3C

yes, i think what shifting refers to is when a change occurs in Q, the reaction's equilibrium point has to shift to accommodate it.

Pranav Daggubati 3C

H is enthalpy. A positive delta H means that enthalpy is increasing due to increase in energy (endothermic) and the opposite is doe to a decrease (exothermic) in the system. Energy is drawn from bond rearrangement and from the environment.

Pranav Daggubati 3C

One way reactions are usually the reactions that can't do this. However, just because they are denoted as going in one way does not mean that they can never go back. It's just that the conditions needed to be met are almost never possible.

Pranav Daggubati 3C

I do not think we will be learning about real gases and the modified ideal gas equation in this series of courses.

Pranav Daggubati 3C

You cant have negative moles of something, it just doesn't make sense. Concentration is moles/liters, so either of the two things have to be negative for a negative concentration, which is impossible.

Pranav Daggubati 3C

These are catalysts, which are need for the reaction to proceed but aren't consumed. Sometimes, you'll see a capital delta symbol, which means that heat is being infused to make that reaction go forward.

Pranav Daggubati 3C

It depends on the charge of the overall coordination ion. If it is a positively charged ion, you use ferrate and not ironate. Negatively charge: use iron, not ironate or ferrate.

Pranav Daggubati 3C

The NH4Cl disassociates and then the NH4+ turns into an NH3 and an H+. The Cl- doesn't do anything else in the solution because there being nothing for it to bond to. pH is only influenced by [H+] so the Cl- doesn't matter.

Pranav Daggubati 3C

CCl4 is actually nonpolar, but it has 4 dipole moments in the molecule. These dipole moments cancel out, resulting in a nonpolar molecule.

Pranav Daggubati 3C

Remember that lewis acids and bases involve electron pairs. Bases are those with electron pairs that can be donated, while acids are the acceptors.

Pranav Daggubati 3C

Yes, you are correct. Aqua is when it is part of the coordination sphere, while hydrate is when it is outside the cor=ordination sphere.

Pranav Daggubati 3C

Alphabetical order without taking prefixes into account.

Pranav Daggubati 3C

It should be cobalt(III), not cobalt(II), which means its tetraamminechlorocobalt(III) chloride

Pranav Daggubati 3C

It is the sum of all the number of binding sites on the ligands as long as the number is or less than 6. For example, [Fe (NH3)2 Cl3] would be 5, 3 from the chloridos and 2 from the ammines.

Pranav Daggubati 3C

the hybridization shows what and how many of each orbital is being hybridized. For example, in and sp3 hybridization, there are 4 orbitals and s is one of them. Therefore, the s-character is 1/4 or 25%. Basically, the more non-s orbitals are hybridized, the less s-character there is.

Pranav Daggubati 3C

It should be Cobalt, not a carbonyl group because cobalt would be the metal that the complex is formed around.

Pranav Daggubati 3C

Yes, you are thinking of it in the right way. Also, you could create the transition element ion and then see how many anions are necessary to make it neutral. Most, if not all, of the transition metals form cations.

Pranav Daggubati 3C

Yes, and I believe this is true for the transition metals that have names derived from ancient greek (Fe, Cu, Ag, Au).

Pranav Daggubati 3C

It usually depends on the 3d shape and the electronegativity of the atoms that comprise the molecule. if the electronegativities are imbalanced in 3 dimensions, then the molecule is polar. Else, it is nonpolar.

Pranav Daggubati 3C

Chelating ligands are those that have flexibility between binding sites and also have multiple binding sites, allowing for them to form at least 2 bonds with the metal cation.

Pranav Daggubati 3C

The fact that it is an ion doesn't change its polarity. Another thing is resonance in the structure causing even distributions of all forms of [AsO4]3-.

Pranav Daggubati 3C

Most simple molecules are molecules that have carbon, nitrogen, or oxygen as a central atom. This tends to make the electron geometries tetrahedral, therefore implying an sp3 hybridization, just based on how many lone pairs and bonding sites there are on the central atoms.

Pranav Daggubati 3C

I am pretty sure that most, if not all, of the transition metals create cations, which means that all ligands must be lewis bases to provide electron pairs for bond formation.

Pranav Daggubati 3C

No, I dont think it matters because most of the time, Nitrogen is hybridized.

Pranav Daggubati 3C

Its tricky to consider this. Think of sulfur, it can have six bonds and a lone pair to give it 8 in the valence shell. Remember that covalent bonds are shared. Be careful when thinking that a bond means all the electrons in the bond fulfill an octet. Sulfur, nitrogen and other things can have more t...

Pranav Daggubati 3C

Think of it like lone pairs being stubby areas of high density while bonds are more narrow and long. the stubby one will push the narrow ones together slightly to make room for itself, therefore making the bond angles smaller.

Pranav Daggubati 3C

One of the pairs of electrons bonds linearly and the other can no longer bond linearly so they bond in the characteristic "over and under" pi bonds of two electron probabilities.

Pranav Daggubati 3C

In most molecules this applies to, the first locations filled are axial positions. If a third atom takes an equatorial position and the other two equatorial are lone pairs, then the shape is t-shaped.

Pranav Daggubati 3C

sp3d hybridization and sp3d2 hybridization is what we see in more complex molecules than tetrahedral ones. The first leads to trigonal bipyramidal and other derivatives of that, whereas the second one leads to octahedral and derivatives of octahedral.

Pranav Daggubati 3C

VSEPR has two different shape schemes that both have the same shapes within them. One of them uses electrons to shape, and the other uses only the atoms in the molecule. For example, H2O is tetrahedral when looking at the electron density but bent when looking at the molecule itself.

Pranav Daggubati 3C

Ethenes are fixed molecules and cannot rotate. However, visualizing cis versus trans molecules by drawing them out and then identifying the dipoles is a way to make this easier.

Pranav Daggubati 3C

CO2 is a linear molecule, so the dipoles between the carbon and oxygens cancel out. SO2 is a trigonal planar molecule, so the S=O bonds don't cancel out.

Pranav Daggubati 3C

The electron structure is tetrahedral, but the molecular structure is bent. Lone pairs count for the first one but not for the second.

Pranav Daggubati 3C

You can think of it as each of the electrons in a pi bond being in different spaces but still make up one bond.

Pranav Daggubati 3C

There is an error I think because it should be H2S instead of SO2

Pranav Daggubati 3C

Line drawings are extremely simplified forms of depicting molecules. Ends and kinks of a chain are carbons by default unless denoted otherwise, and all hydrogens are omitted unless they are part of branch groups, like -OH.

Pranav Daggubati 3C

Ag+ has no electron in the 5s orbital because filling the 4d orbital is much more favorable.

Pranav Daggubati 3C

A lot of the questions from the book are skipped/omitted in the outline (it even says omit for some complex problems), especially when the f block is involved.

Pranav Daggubati 3C

It is a relatively strong force of attraction caused by charges and not a true bond.

Pranav Daggubati 3C

I think you are mistaken, as butanol (1-butanol), has a much higher melting point than diethyl ether by about 27 degrees Celsius. This is due to the polarity of the butanol molecule which comes from the -OH group.

Pranav Daggubati 3C

I'm not sure, I just thought that it was the difference in mass that accounted for this large difference in boiling point

Pranav Daggubati 3C

Most common polyatomic ions have easily memorizable formulas/structures due to patterns. Naming conventions are used to determine these patterns. For example, in the case of nitrate and nitrite, the -ate suffix refers to the ion with one more oxygen than the -ite suffix. For oxyanions of halogen (pe...

Pranav Daggubati 3C

There are two conventions for writing electron configurations, the one where the pattern on the periodic table is visible and the one where the energy level difference is visible. For example, putting 4s before 3d shows the former pattern while putting 3d before 4s shows the latter.

Pranav Daggubati 3C

Usually, the one with the correct formal charge allocation is the right answer, but some question may ask for an answer where you list all the allocations and then choose the most likely by basic rules.

Pranav Daggubati 3C

For the D orbital, a rule of thumb is to assume that the group 6 and group 11 elements take an s electron from the closest filled s state to make the d shell full, which is also a state of lower energy than having a $4s^2 3{d^4}$ for example.

Pranav Daggubati 3C

The key thing to understand here is that a hydrogen bond can only occur between partially positive hydrogen and a partially negative anything else. This means that the hydrogen should be bonded to an electronegative atom (N, O, F) and the other atom should be bonded to a less electronegative atom (C...

Pranav Daggubati 3C

Hydrogen is weakest with covalent and ionic stronger based on the environment they are in. Ionic bonds tend to dissolve in solution, making them extremely weak then, but they are very strong otherwise

Pranav Daggubati 3C

People sometimes write s first to show the pattern on the p-table and d first to show the energy level

Pranav Daggubati 3C

It is because the shape of the orbitals in carbon is tetrahedral, so making a quad bond creates a ton of stress, which makes it impossible for a quad bond to occur

Pranav Daggubati 3C

for emission, n1 is usually the smaller one because that results in a bigger fraction, which makes the whole thing positive

Pranav Daggubati 3C

Frequency is denoted by nu, which looks like $\nu$ , whereas velocity is denoted by the English alphabet 'v'

Pranav Daggubati 3C

Makeup quizzes are on Friday so i expect after then

Pranav Daggubati 3C

generally, you would use the speed of light equation of electromagnetic traditions, light, and the de Broglie equation for things with mass, such as electrons and basketballs

Pranav Daggubati 3C

This is due to the typesetting feature they use which can be really inefficient in cases with long page-lengths

Pranav Daggubati 3C

The answer you got is correct, 300 MegaHertz frequency is equivalent to 1 meter in wavelength. You can see this because 300 MHz is the same as 3 x 10^8 Hz, which when multiplied by 1 equals the speed of light.

Pranav Daggubati 3C

I think that its because the orbital is very similar looking to a hyperbolic functions

Pranav Daggubati 3C

The part that maybe looked like it was out of phase is just a representation that shows that the electron is not statically fixed to an unmoving orbit. The orbit can manipulate in both direction and amplitude (I think) as long as there is a standing wave.

Pranav Daggubati 3C

Basically, the alpha particles, which were known to have mass, were shot into the foil. Then, Geiger and Marsden noted that some of the alpha particles bounced back even though most went through. This lead them to figure out that the foil had both empty spaces in it and it also had a certain place w...

Pranav Daggubati 3C

Correct, you would use the diameter of the atom as $\Delta x$ because that is the boundary of the electron is space.

Pranav Daggubati 3C

If you were to use grams, you would get milliJoules instead of Joules and you would have to multiply by $10^3$ to get the right units in joules.

Pranav Daggubati 3C

Use the $\Delta x\Delta p = \frac{1}{4\pi}h$ to find x because you have all the other values already.

Pranav Daggubati 3C

Intensity depends on the number of photons because it is a measure of how many photons are passing through an area at a certain time.

Pranav Daggubati 3C

A good mnemonic to remember them is Roman Men Invented Very Unusual X-Ray Guns, which stands for radio, micro, infrared, visible, UV, x-ray, and gamma rays.

Pranav Daggubati 3C

I don't think it matters which one you use as long as they are the correct conversion. nanometers is a much more readable number so I prefer using nm.

Pranav Daggubati 3C

The short way of saying it is that you cant emit electrons if you don't have the right energy (frequency), even if you do have an enormous amount of photons (intensity)

Pranav Daggubati 3C

You can only use it for light because the v in E=hv refers to frequency, which most large particles do not show.

Pranav Daggubati 3C

I am pretty sure you can write them either way. The way with 3d before 4s shows the energy level difference but the opposite shows the structure of the periodic table and where an element lies on it.

Pranav Daggubati 3C

I usually convert to easily readable or understandable units. For example, I convert nanometers to meters because the number may make more sense in meters, but at other times I might do it the other way around to show an easily understandable measurement in nanometers.

Pranav Daggubati 3C

Usually, the number with the least amount of sig figs determines how many sig figs you can use.

Pranav Daggubati 3C

The structure in that problem can be read as though each point between lines that doesn't have a letter associated with it is a carbon atom. Then, depending on the number of bonds each carbon atom has, you add enough hydrogens to each carbon atom to make a total of four bonds.

Pranav Daggubati 3C

To start a problem to find excess reactant, remember that it's all about mole ratios. Let's say you are given the equation: 2\textup{Al} + 3\textup{Cl}_2 \rightarrow \textup{2AlCl}_3 and it says you react 255 g of \textup{Al} with 535 g of \textup{Cl}_2 to get an actual yield of 300 g of product. Fi...

Pranav Daggubati 3C

Vanessa Perez wrote:Quick question: is 0.987(10^-4)L the same as 9.87(10^-3)L??

They would be the same if the exponents were reversed:
$9.87\cdot 10^{-4} = 0.000987$
$0.987\cdot 10^{-3} = 0.000987$

Pranav Daggubati 3C

I am pretty sure you can you either milliliters or liters as long as you have the same on both sides. When you calculate for one of the variables, you'll always end up with the right units if you do this because either Molar unit or the Volume unit will cancel out.

Pranav Daggubati 3C

Heisenberg's Uncertainty Equation states that change in momentum and change in position are inversely related with a constant of proportionality of planck's constant divided by 4 pi: \Delta p \cdot \Delta x \geq \frac{h}{4\pi} . In any given example, you should be able to extrapolate the mass of a p...

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