CHEMISTRY COMMUNITY

Lauren Sarigumba 1K

Yes, the cathode is written on the right side of a cell diagram whereas the anode lies on the left side.

Lauren Sarigumba 1K

If the equilibrium constant K is greater than 1, then products are favored. When the equilibrium constant K is less than 1, reactants are favored.

Lauren Sarigumba 1K

The denominator would be 1 if the reactants were solids or liquids.

Lauren Sarigumba 1K

Delta G corresponds with E, and delta G naught corresponds with E naught.

Lauren Sarigumba 1K

Termolecular is when the molecularity of a reaction is equal to 3, meaning that there are three reactants involved.

Lauren Sarigumba 1K

Intermediates are not included in the balanced chemical equation because they are both reactants and products, and they, therefore, get canceled in the balanced chemical equation

Lauren Sarigumba 1K

The initial rate is the maximum rate because that is when there is little product, and since the reaction is trying to reach equilibrium, the rate at which the initial concentration of reactant that turns into the product will be the fastest, and thus maximum, rate.

Lauren Sarigumba 1K

The rate is only determined by the slowest step because it can only go as fast as that slow step. It can't go any faster than the slowest rate.

Lauren Sarigumba 1K

The concentration of the reactant is not included in the half-life equation for a first-order reaction. Therefore, the half-life is independent of reactant concentration.

Lauren Sarigumba 1K

The overall order of the reaction is the sum of the orders of the individual reactants.

Lauren Sarigumba 1K

A species can act as both an oxidizing and reducing agent when there is only one species on the left side of the chemical equation, for example.

Lauren Sarigumba 1K

n refers to the number of moles of electrons transferred in the chemical reaction. In order to find the value of n, balance the half-reactions and determine how many electrons are needed when putting the two half-reactions together into one balanced chemical reaction.

Lauren Sarigumba 1K

The instantaneous rate is equal to 0 when the reaction is at equilibrium at constant K. It is negative on the left side of K and it is positive on the right side of K, forming a U-shaped graph.

Lauren Sarigumba 1K

the relationship is illustrated through the equation deltaG=-nfEcell. When E is negative, delta G is positive and the reaction is spontaneous in reverse. When E is positive, delta G is negative and the reaction is spontaneous as written

Lauren Sarigumba 1K

The net charges on each side of the equations is not the same. It needs to be matched in order for the chemical equation to be balanced. We add electrons to the side that is more positive in order to balance out the charge.

Lauren Sarigumba 1K

I think about the prefixes an- and cat-. Anions have a negative charge, and the anode is the electrode that releases electrons. The cathode is a positive charge and is the one that receives the electrons.

Lauren Sarigumba 1K

A state property does not take into account what path has been taken to get to the current condition. It only cares about the current condition.

Lauren Sarigumba 1K

Spontaneity relates to Gibbs Free energy, which helps explain why gas expands to a greater volume when given the opportunity, for example.

Lauren Sarigumba 1K

Adiabatic processes are when q=0, meaning no heat is transferred

Lauren Sarigumba 1K

Delta G nought is fixed for a given reaction and temperature and so it does not change as the reaction proceeds. Delta G, on the other hand, depends on the composition of the reaction mixture and so it varies as the reaction proceeds.

Lauren Sarigumba 1K

The Van't Hoff equation can be used to find the enthalpy of a reaction when given two equilibrium constants and two temperature constants, I believe. Correct me if I am wrong.

Lauren Sarigumba 1K

A closed system can do work because there can be a change in volume. One example of a closed system is a piston, since matter cannot be exchanged however energy in the form of both heat and work can be exchanged.

Lauren Sarigumba 1K

the second term is derived from the ideal gas law PV=nRT

Lauren Sarigumba 1K

At equilibrium, internal energy is at its minimum while entropy is at its maximum.

Lauren Sarigumba 1K

Cp is the heat capacity at constant pressure while Cv is the heat capacity at constant volume.

Lauren Sarigumba 1K

Isothermal reactions are considered reversible because the temperature is constant

Lauren Sarigumba 1K

An extensive property, like mass, depends on how much matter you have. An intensive property, like density, is something that is independent of the amount of matter you have. Likewise, heat capacity depends on how much of a substance you have that needs to be heated, while specific heat capacity is ...

Lauren Sarigumba 1K

That would just be considered an irreversible expansion. So you would use w = -P∆V .

Lauren Sarigumba 1K

It helps me when I know how the equations are derived, which also helps me memorize the equations because I fully understand what is happening within the equations. But you don't have to memorize the equations since they are given in the constants and equations worksheet that we can use during the e...

Lauren Sarigumba 1K

Bond enthalpies are not as accurate as the other methods when determining the enthalpy reaction. Reaction enthalpies have to do with Hess's law.

Lauren Sarigumba 1K

when work is done on the system, this means that there is compression. therefore, the internal energy is increasing, and the change in internal energy would be positive. When work is done by the system, there is expansion. Therefore, the internal energy is decreasing, and the change in internal ener...

Lauren Sarigumba 1K

Kw is the concentration of H3O+ multiplied by the concentration of OH-. pKw is when you take the negative logarithm of Kw.

Lauren Sarigumba 1K

When K represents the forward reaction, then 1/K represents the reverse reaction.

Lauren Sarigumba 1K

When raising the temperature (adding heat) to an endothermic reaction, the products are favored. When raising the temperature of an exothermic reaction, however, the reactants are favored.

Lauren Sarigumba 1K

Hess's law reveals that enthalpy is a state function. Therefore, Hess's law shows that enthalpy can be added and subtracted.

Lauren Sarigumba 1K

an open system can exchange both matter and energy with the surroundings. However, a closed system has a fixed amount of matter and can only exchange energy with the surroundings. the fixed amount of matter implies that the volume is constant.

Lauren Sarigumba 1K

Inert gases do not change the equilibrium constant because they do not react with other substances. Therefore, the partial pressures of the reactants and the products do not change and thus the equilibrium constant does not change.

Lauren Sarigumba 1K

Enthalpy is a state property, which means that it is NOT dependent on the path taken to obtain that state. Only the initial state and the current state are taken into account, which means that enthalpy can be added and subtracted.

Lauren Sarigumba 1K

Energy is for the breaking and the forming of bonds, but energy is not for changing the temperature. Therefore, the temperature of the sample is constant.

Lauren Sarigumba 1K

Equilibrium composition is just another way of saying equilibrium concentrations. You have to use ICE Box when the initial concentrations are given and you have to solve for equilibrium concentrations or vice versa.

Lauren Sarigumba 1K

I just memorize some easy mnemonics . For strong acids, it's "So I Brought No Clean Clothes" (H2SO4, HI, HBr, HNO3, HCL, HCLO3, HCLO4". For strong bases, it's Lily and Nate RoBbed a Bank and Killed a Cessium of Strong Cats" (Li, Na, Rb, Ba, K, Cs, Sr, Ca)

Lauren Sarigumba 1K

When Q < K, the reaction will tend to favor the forward reaction and more products will be formed. When Q>K, the reaction will tend to favor the reverse reaction and more reactants will form. When Q = K, then equilibrium composition has been reached and there is no tendency to change in either direc...

Lauren Sarigumba 1K

A change in temperature changes the equilibrium constant K. When increasing the heat and the reaction is endothermic, K will increase. When increasing the heat and the reaction is exothermic, K will decrease.

Lauren Sarigumba 1K

When Q>K, then the reaction will favor the reactants (reverse reaction). If Q<K, then the reaction will favor the products (forwards reaction).

Lauren Sarigumba 1K

An increase in pressure also means a decrease in volume. It is important to remember that when volume decreases and there are more moles of gas on the left, then the reaction will shift right. And when the volume decreases and there are more moles of gas on the right, then the reaction will shift le...

Lauren Sarigumba 1K

When the problem is describing the reactants converting into products, then the reactants should have a negative change and the products should have a positive change in the ICE box. When the problem is describing the products turning into reactants, then the products will have a negative change and...

Lauren Sarigumba 1K

An inert gas does not affect the partial pressures of the components of a reaction at equilibrium (however, adding an inert gas may change the total pressure of a container). This is because the inert gas does not interact with any of the species of the reaction.

Lauren Sarigumba 1K

When there are more products at equilibrium, it means that the reaction favors the products at equilibrium. This may be because the products have lower energy and are thus more stable than the respective reactants. When K>10^3 the reacting STRONGLY favors the products.

Lauren Sarigumba 1K

Yes, Le Chatelier's Principle still applies when the change in temperature changes the value of K. When raising the temperature of an endothermic reaction, K will increase. When raising the temperature of an exothermic reaction, K will decrease.

Lauren Sarigumba 1K

When Q<K, the reaction has a tendency to proceed toward products. When Q=K, the mixture has its equilibrium composition and has no tendency to change in either direction. When Q<K, the products tend to decompose into the reactants.

Lauren Sarigumba 1K

Raising the temperature of an exothermic reaction lowers the value of K. Raising the temperature of an endothermic reaction increases the value of K.

Lauren Sarigumba 1K

I learned a mnemonic my friend made up in order to memorize the strong bases more easily. Lily and Nate Robbed a Bank and Killed a Cesium of Strong Cats. (Li, Na, Rb, K, Cs, Sr, Ca).

Lauren Sarigumba 1K

A coordination compound can have multiple ligands, it does not necessarily have to be just one type of ligand. Some examples we've seen are when we learned how to name coordination compounds with multiple ligands, in which we had to name each ligand in alphabetical order with its corresponding prefi...

Lauren Sarigumba 1K

An amphoteric compound is a compound that can act as both an acid or a base, depending on the situation. One example of an amphoteric compound is H2O (water). H2O can both donate a proton (H+) and change to OH-, but it can also accept a proton and form H3O+.

Lauren Sarigumba 1K

when the pKa of an acid is high, then the Ka is low. There is an inverse relationship between these two ideas.

Lauren Sarigumba 1K

you use the suffix -ate when the entire ligand has a negative charge (is an anion).

Lauren Sarigumba 1K

Bent/Angular are names that describe the same shape of a molecule. A molecule with a bent/angular shape when the VSEPR formula is AX2E (2 atoms and 1 lone pair) and when the VSEPR formula is AX2E2 (2 atoms and 2 lone pairs).

Lauren Sarigumba 1K

I think that terminal atoms can also have hybridized orbitals. Consider that the terminal atoms bonds with the central atom. If the central atom has hybridized atoms, then the atoms that it bonds with will also have hybrid orbitals.

Lauren Sarigumba 1K

The most stable structure is one that has the fewest number of, and smallest magnitude of, formal charges and with the negative formal charges on the more electronegative atoms.

Lauren Sarigumba 1K

The resonance structures represent how electrons are delocalized in order to achieve a lower energy and therefore better stability. The representation of resonance structures just shows that the real structure of the molecule is a resonance hybrid structure in which the delocalization of electrons o...

Lauren Sarigumba 1K

In the a table in the textbook, it says that a molecule with an electron arrangement that is linear, the hybridization of the central atom is sp. If it is trigonal planar, it is sp^2. If the electron arrangement is tetrahedral, it is sp^3. If the electron arrangement is trigonal bipyramidal, it is s...

Lauren Sarigumba 1K

How do you figure out the number of hybrid orbitals of a molecule and the type of hybridation orbitals?

Lauren Sarigumba 1K

If a highly electronegative atom bonds with an atom that has low electronegativity, then the electrons are not shared equally and therefore the bond between the two atoms is polar. However, if polar bonds of equal polarity are evenly distributed in space, the molecule as a whole is considered nonpol...

Lauren Sarigumba 1K

A molecule is considered polar when there is a difference in electronegativities between the atoms and when the polar bonds are NOT equally distributed in the space.

Lauren Sarigumba 1K

A radical is a compound with unpaired electrons (does not fulfill octet rule). OH is a radical because it only has seven valence electrons, instead of eight.

Lauren Sarigumba 1K

A single bond is a sigma bond. A double bond is a sigma and a pi bond. A triple bond is a sigma and two pi bonds.

Lauren Sarigumba 1K

Lewis bases and Lewis acids deal with chemical reactions in which the Lewis base (in the reactant side of a reaction) donates the electrons to the Lewis acid (which is the product side of the reaction). Hydrogen bonding deals with intermolecular attractions in which a Hydrogen atom of one molecule i...

Lauren Sarigumba 1K

Ionic bonds in general are when a nonmental bonds with a metal. Covalent bonds are when a nonmetal binds with another nonmetal, generally speaking. Ionic bonds have a covalent character in the sense that both neighboring atoms share the same electron density. Moreover, some covalent bonds have ionic...

Lauren Sarigumba 1K

There are various factors that determine whether a molecule is polar or non-polar. One factor that should be taken into account is the shape of the molecule since shape affects polarity. Polar bonds can also be viewed as vectors. If the vectors are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction, they ...

Lauren Sarigumba 1K

Polarizability is concerned with how easily an atom's or molecule's electrons can be distorted. Highly polarizable molecules/atoms are those in which the nuclear charges have little control over the surrounding electrons. Electrons tend to be easily distorted when the atom is large, in which the dis...

Lauren Sarigumba 1K

Rod-shaped molecules have a greater surface area than spherical molecules, even though both molecules have the same chemical formula. Because of this characteristic, there are more opportunities for a rod-shaped molecule to have induced dipole-induce dipole interactions than spherical-shaped molecul...

Lauren Sarigumba 1K

What is the difference between Dipole-Induced Dipole versus Induced Dipole-Induced Dipole in terms of intermolecular bonding? Is one attraction stronger than the other one or are they relatively the same?

Lauren Sarigumba 1K

An H-atom must be attracted to N, O, or F in order to call it a hydrogen bond. If an H-atom of a molecule is attracted to an H-atom of another molecule, then it is not considered an H-bond. In fact, hydrogens generally are not attracted to each other since usually H atoms are both partially positive...

Lauren Sarigumba 1K

Radicals are species that have electrons with unpaired spins, which means that they are not a part of a pair. This can be seen using a lewis structure. Radicals are also highly reactive and have a fleeting existence. Radicals also do not fulfill the octet rule because they do not have enough valence...

Lauren Sarigumba 1K

Ionic attractions are a lot stronger than Dipole attractions because Dipoles have only partial charges since they are a part of covalent bonds.

Lauren Sarigumba 1K

The most stable resonance structure minimizes formal charges, meaning that it has the fewest number of and smallest magnitude of formal charges. And the negative formal charges are on the more electronegative atoms. Resonance structures are multiple Lewis structures that collectively represent a mol...

Lauren Sarigumba 1K

There is a rough guideline to differentiate between what is covalent and what is ionic. In his lecture, Lavelle said to follow the guideline that if the electronegativity difference between two atoms is over 2, then the bond between the two atoms is ionic. If the electronegativity difference between...

Lauren Sarigumba 1K

H, He, Li, and Be are exceptions to the octet rule because their electron configurations do not reach the 2p orbitals. This means that they only have the 1s and 2s orbitals and do not have the capacity to have 8 electrons in their valence shells.

Lauren Sarigumba 1K

Double bonds are shorter in length than single bonds because double bonds are stronger than single bonds. Likewise, triple bonds are stronger than double bonds, which means that the length of the triple bond would be shorter.

Lauren Sarigumba 1K

One way to think about why this occurs is the differences between ionization energies of groups on the left side of the periodic table versus the right side. The ionization energies increase as you go across a period, which means that it requires more energy/it is harder to remove a valence electron...

Lauren Sarigumba 1K

Hi, can someone explain to me the difference between the electron affinity, electronegativity, and ionization energy of an element? Also, can someone explain the differences in trends on the periodic table as well?

Lauren Sarigumba 1K

You are not expected to memorizes the eV to Joule conversions because it is given on the constants and equations worksheets, the conversion given on Lavelle's constants and equations paper is 1 eV = 1.674927*10^-19 J (be aware that it is the conversion for J, not kJ)

Lauren Sarigumba 1K

H, He, Li, and Be are exceptions because H and He only have 1s orbitals and Li and Be only have 1s 2s orbitals

Lauren Sarigumba 1K

In his lecture, Lavelle said to choose the atom with the lowest ionization energy as the central atom. Two trends of ionization energies seen on the periodic table are that the ionization energies decrease as you go down a group and increase as you go across the group. Hope that helps!

Lauren Sarigumba 1K

The shapes of the orbitals are determined by Schrodinger's Equation. Schrodinger's Equation uses the idea that the electron has wave-like properties and uses the indeterminacy in momentum and position. When squaring the wavefunction, that value will give you the probability of an electron being there.

Lauren Sarigumba 1K

Like the radius of a circle, the atomic radius is just taking the radius of an atom (the distance from the nucleus to the normal valence electrons of an atom)... in the lecture, it is explained as half the distance between centers of neighboring atoms. One trend on the periodic table is that the ato...

Lauren Sarigumba 1K

n1 represents the lower energy level and the n2 value represents the higher energy level.

Lauren Sarigumba 1K

Yes, the energy of a photon is proportional to its frequency with the constant h (Planck's constant: 6.626*10^-34). As the frequency of light increases, the energy of light also increases. You can also see this positive correlation on the electromagnetic spectrum, where gamma rays have a higher freq...

Lauren Sarigumba 1K

Since n is in the denominator, when n is a super large value (like infinity) the fraction would be so small that it would be super close to 0. Therefore as n approaches infinity, E would also be approaching 0. As the electron gets closer to the nucleus, the energy becomes more negative. And vice ver...

Lauren Sarigumba 1K

I think the fundamentals that will be covered are everything that was on the syllabus. The essential readings that he wants us to read are sections Fundamentals E, F, G, H, L 1-2, and M... I assume that these are the topics that he will be testing us on in the Midterm.

Lauren Sarigumba 1K

I think that light behaves as both a wave and as a particle, no matter the length of the wavelength. I think the wave-particle duality just means that there are two ways to think about how light behaves. The first way is through waves and the second is through particles. When you increase the intens...

Lauren Sarigumba 1K

The Heisenberg Uncertainty Equation expresses complementarity. If delta p is known than delta x must be unknown. Complementarity means you never know both of the values, and if you know the precise value of one, then you cannot know the precise value of the other variable.

Lauren Sarigumba 1K

A photon helps explain the particle-like characteristic that light possesses. When you think of light as a particle, that particle is called a photon. A photon is a "packet of energy" according to the textbook. And to measure the energy of the photon is E=hv (energy = plank's constant mult...

Lauren Sarigumba 1K

I definitely recommend studying your notes from lectures and maybe even reading how the textbook explains concepts covered over lectures. The textbook problems will also be very helpful as Dr. Lavelle explained that he will be using some of those questions on our tests. Even when the exam is not in ...

Lauren Sarigumba 1K

I agree with all of the other responses. I definitely recommend waiting until your final answer to round based on significant figures just to make your answer more accurate. Just keep in mind that if you do end up rounding throughout your calculations that there are different rules for rounding when...

Lauren Sarigumba 1K

Light behaves like both a wave and a particle regardless of the light's wavelength/frequency. Light acting as a particle helps explain why light with a low-frequency/long-wavelength (even with high intensity) is unable to emit an electron from the metal surface in the photoelectric effect. Under the...

Lauren Sarigumba 1K

The electron still gets emitted if the energy of the light matches the energy of the work function. The kinetic energy would just be zero.

Lauren Sarigumba 1K

Hi! For the Rydberg equation, n1 represents the lower energy level and n2 represents the higher energy level. Hope this was helpful

Lauren Sarigumba 1K

The question is asking for the Molarity of the solution KCl mixed with water. First, I converted 55.1 g KCl using the molar mass ratio (74.548 g/ mol). After this calculation, I got 0.739 moles of KCl. Then I converted 125 mL to 0.125 L. My final answer (after using the Molarity formula M=n/V) is 5....

Lauren Sarigumba 1K

For addition/subtraction problems, your final answer may have no more significant figures to the right of the decimal than the LEAST number of significant figures in any decimal portion of any number in the problem. For multiplication/division, the LEAST number of significant figures in any number o...

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