CHEMISTRY COMMUNITY

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No change in temperature means deltaU=0 because q=-w

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Adiabatic means no heat added or leaving the system.

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Constant volume means no change in volume, meaning 0 work.

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Constant volume (Cv) is 3/2R and constant pressure (Cp) is 5/2R

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At equilibrium, E naught equals 0

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n is the number of electrons transferred or cancelled out when balancing the half reactions.

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E naught is standard conditions ex. 298K

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antilog is 10^-(Pka)

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logAB= logA + logB

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It is dependent on the stoichiometric coefficients and whether the compound is a reactant or product for a negative or positive value of x.

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Kw should be 10^-14 which would be used in the calculation.

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Solids and liquids would not count for this. This would apply for gases for Kp.

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For this law, only gases apply.

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charge is represented in coloumbs

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Enthalpy is a state property while heat is not.

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Positive delta H represents endothermic while negative delta H represents exothermic.

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It is the maximum voltage difference.

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State Properties depend on the final and initial values only

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Delta H is only for constant pressure

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Since E naught is an intensive property, it does not change if the reaction is multiplied.

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State properties do not take into account the path taken to get the final result. It is just final minus initial.

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Cp = Cv + R

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Isobaric means constant pressure. So, in this case, there can still be work.

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Heat, q, is neither gained or lost. This makes q=0

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1 atm and 273 degrees Kelvin

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When bonds break, that requires energy, making it endothermic. However, when bonds form, there is a release of energy, making it exothermic.

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The gas constant you use depends on the units given in the problem.

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Because K is a ratio, the unit cancel out.

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Yes standard is 25 degrees Celsius, which is 298 degrees Kelvin.

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If they give you mass, then use m but if given moles then use n.

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A bomb calorimeter is an isolated system

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When volume is constant, delta U equals q, because there is no work being done.

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Heat capacities represent how much heat is necessary for to heat 1 gram of a substance of substance by 1 degree Celsius, so this is endothermic, meaning heat capacities cannot be negative.

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Yes it allows varied temperatures to be used in the equation to find heat, not just one singular temperature unless it is specific heat capacity.

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Cp is 5/2R while Cv is 3/2R

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The vapor is created due to the braking of the hydrogen bonds which is due to the high heat from boiling.

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Yes vapor is in the gas phase

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Enthalpy is a state property while heat is not

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Memorize all equations would be the best advice, if they are not on the sheet of course.

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Heat capacity is how much heat is gained so it must be positive.

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Yes agreed, strong acids should be memorized

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The standard would be moles/liters

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Ka is used for when referring to acids. But, if the problems gives you a base, you must use the Kb.

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Yes this would lead to an approximation rather than actually solving for the cubic equation

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It is the factor of one phase being changed to another, like freezing a liquid into a solid (ice)

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Enthalpies are additive due to the fact that they are state functions

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Energy or heat is necessary to break bonds so heat is consumed rather than released when forming a bond.

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An example is delta H, depending on the final and initial values.

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4D.15, 4D.17, 4D.19, 4D.21, 4D.23, 4E.5, 4E.7, 4E.9, 4.29, 4.31

These were the questions in the email for Midterm 1

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delta H is a change in enthalpy

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An example would be the melting of solid ice into a liquid water is a phase change

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Endothermic always has a positive delta (change in) H

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Yes, K is the equilibrium constant because it represents the ratio of products and reactants at equilibrium.

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Inverse of K is used for when finding the reverse reaction.

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For endothermic reaction, temperature increases with K.

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If shift left, more reactants necessary, so add x to the reactants.

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If shifts right, more products being produced.

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The higher the Ka, the stronger the acid, so the lower the pH, meaning the higher the pOH

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Bronsted refers to the protons while Lewis refers to the electrons. Bronsted acid will donate a proton while a Bronsted base will gain a proton. In terms of Lewis, a Lewis acid will gain a pair of electrons while a Lewis base will donate a pair of electrons. Lewis and Bronsted are just ways of descr...

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Metal oxides are acids

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This will be more covered in 14B I believe is what Dr. Lavelle was alluding to in the lectures. However, when amphoteric, the compound does have the ability to be an acid or base

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By reducing the SO3 NO3 and CO3 you reduce the acid rain as those mix with H20 to create acid rain

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If given the molarity of an H+ ion, then you take the -log of that molarity to gain the pH. Then, you do 14-pH in order to give you the pOH

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Yes I believe that a solution with pH greater than 7 can be classified as alkaline and basic

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if the bond were to rotate it would break because they are parallel

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lone pairs cause repulsion that cause lower bond angles

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Find the amount of regions of electron density. if it is 2, then hybridization is sp, if 3 then sp2, if 4 regions of electron density, then sp3 and so on

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conjugate acid has an added hydrogen ion

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Bronsted acid- proton donor
Lewis acid- electron pair acceptor

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The release of H+

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If we don't cover it in class I don't think we need to know it

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created with the anions existing there

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cisplatin is stronger as the chlorines are on the same side

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I think we should wait for him to go over it as well

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A sigma bond is between two differing orbitals and can rotate

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The dipoles can cancel each other out in the compound

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Bond between Lewis acid and base

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Yes a lone pair is considered a region of electron density

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It is sigma first and then for double bond would be sigma pi as covalent bonds

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Yes as long as you create a correct Lewis Structure for the compound that has the lowest possible formal charge

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s, p, d, and f are subshells that each have orbitals. s has 1 orbital, p has 3 orbitals, d has 5 orbitals, and f has 7 orbitals. Each orbital can hold up to two electrons with opposing spins.

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All molecules have them, but the bigger the atom's size, the stronger the force

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Between .4 and 2 are dipoles

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nuclear charge is the pull of the nucleus

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number of valence electrons is based on the columns starting with left side column 1 of Hydrogen and they hace 1 valence eletron and so on for the other columns. column #= valence electron #

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when you add electors the radius increases

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only one electron can have a certain amount of quantum numbers

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it refers to the angular momentum quantum number

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l describes the shape

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5 orbitals can hold maximum 10 electrons

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the s-orbital is an exception in this case I am pretty sure

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This helped a lot thank you! Is this always the case?

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increases across a period and decreased down a group

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The exceptions are due to the valence electrons and orbitals that they occupy

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I think it depends on the situation, but I have heard ionic are stronger

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We will be given constants, periodic table, and the equations accordingly for the test.

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This clarification helped a lot thank you very much!

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You are correct, you do not want to multiply the molar masses by the coefficients.

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Yes the limiting reactant determines the most of the reactants that can be used to form product before running out. So, the product will be determined by the limiting reactant.

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I think it would want a mass, so in grams for the final answer.

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