CHEMISTRY COMMUNITY

Samuel Flores 1E

Hello! The frequency factor, A, essentially signifies the fraction of molecules that have the correct orientation so that when they collide, they can cause a reaction to occur from this collision. However, for a reaction to occur, the two molecules must have the correct orientation when they collide...

Samuel Flores 1E

Hello! When using the Arrhenius Equation, if we are using the rate constant R = 8.314 J/(K mol), then for this rate constant, the activation energy, Ea, would have units of J/mol . This would allow all the units to cancel, which is needed when you take the exponent of (-Ea/RT) in the Arrhenius Equat...

Samuel Flores 1E

Hello! For this problem, you can actually just draw out the reaction diagram for an endothermic reaction. Notice that you can simply subtract activation energy minus the delta H in order to find the activation energy in the reverse direction. You can see this visually below: https://cdn.kastatic.org...

Samuel Flores 1E

Hello! You are correct that the slowest step is the rate-determining step, so it's rate law will determine the overall rate law. However, the slow step's rate law includes [HClO] is an intermediate reactant, and we don't include intermediates in the overall rate law. To solve this, we have to consid...

Samuel Flores 1E

Hello! When you're given a cell diagram and are asked to write the overall reaction, you'll want to write out the half-reactions so that the left side of the diagram is an oxidized half-reaction, and the right side of the diagram is a reduced half-reaction. For example, in part (b), you would write ...

Samuel Flores 1E

Hello! I believe that this point is asking you to determine whether the metal will be reduced or oxidized in a given galvanic cell. You would be given a metal half-cell as well as some other half-cell, and you would have to compare the half-cell's standard reduction potentials. If the metal in quest...

Samuel Flores 1E

Hello! Even if a reactant is both the reducing and oxidizing agent, I still find it helpful to break the redox reaction into half-reactions. You would therefore have that reactant in both of the half-reactions, and you would follow all the steps of balancing O by the addition of H20 and balancing H ...

Samuel Flores 1E

Hello! A comma is used to separate species in a cell diagram that are of the same phase (both species are aqueous, for example). On the other hand, a line is used to separate species in a cell diagram that are of a different phase (one species is aqueous, the other is gaseous, for example). Hope thi...

Samuel Flores 1E

Hello! I also got the answer Q=2.7x10^6, using the same process of finding the cell potential and using the Nernst equation to find the Q value. I believe that the solutions manual provided a very simplified answer, but I believe that the answer you provided is correct.

Hope this helps!

Samuel Flores 1E

Hello! The Nernst equation that relates Ecell to E°cell would be the quantitative way of predicting changes in concentration on the cell potential. Since E° is the cell potential under standard conditions (where the concentrations are all 1 mol/L), then for any nonstandard concentrations, you would ...

Samuel Flores 1E

Hello! As we learned in the beginning of Chem 14B, Le Chatelier's Principle can be used to determine that when we increase the concentration of reactants or products, then the K value will shift by this principle. Therefore, once we apply Le Chatelier's Principle to figure out in which direction the...

Samuel Flores 1E

Hello! Yes, you can assume this. Since a reduction half-reaction involves the gaining of electrons, then the electrons can be treated as a reactant that will be integrated into the other reactant. Similarly, since an oxidation half-reaction involves the losing of electrons, then the electrons will b...

Samuel Flores 1E

Hello! When we 'recharge' batteries, we are essentially using electricity on the battery to reverse the redox reaction. This is because the reverse direction of a redox reaction in a battery would have be spontaneous and would have a positive ΔG value. This means that energy is the form of electrici...

Samuel Flores 1E

Hello! This is true! For redox reactions, we can qualitatively predict a shift in equilibrium when we apply Le Chatelier's principle. This can then be applied to determine whether the cell potential of the redox reaction has increased and decreased.

Hope this helps!

Samuel Flores 1E

Hello! According to oxidation number rules, O will always have a -2 oxidation number, and H will have a +1 oxidation number. Since C2H5OH is a neutral compound, then the sum of the oxidation numbers should equal 0. We can multiply O and H's oxidation numbers by the number of those atoms in the compo...

Samuel Flores 1E

Hello! The Boltzmann equation is one equation to calculate entropy, using concepts like degeneracy (W) to determine this entropy. Therefore, you can think of the Boltzmann equation as a method to calculate entropy. On the other hand, the Second Law of Thermo states that for a spontaneous process to ...

Samuel Flores 1E

Hello! The question is asking for heat capacity (not specific heat capacity), so therefore, heat capacity does not include the amount of substance (in grams or moles) of the substance in its expression. It's simply asking you to find the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of the substanc...

Samuel Flores 1E

Hello! The main difference between specific heat capacity and heat capacity is that: heat capacity is the energy (in J) to raise the temperature of a substance by 1 °C (depends on the amount of substance). On the other hand, specific heat capacity is the energy (in J) to raise 1 gram of a substance ...

Samuel Flores 1E

Hello! When the when we see problems like 4D.7 where the ideal gas law is being implemented, then we can assume that the system will be at 25 degrees Celsius. Of course, when we convert this temperature to Kelvin, the equivalent temperature will be 298.15 K. When the temperature is not explicitly st...

Samuel Flores 1E

Hello! For this class, I believe that we can interpret that they are the same type of entropy. Residual entropy arises when there's the possibility of different orientation of the particles when we approach 0 Kelvin, so the position (orientation) of the particles results in residual entropy that we ...

Samuel Flores 1E

Hello! A system's change in enthalpy is a measure of the heat released or absorbed when a chemical reaction proceeds. You can think of this as the heat that enters or leaves the system for a given reaction. And the molar heat capacity for a substance is the amount of energy that's needed to raise th...

Samuel Flores 1E

Hello! Since the heat of vaporization is usually in the units of kJ/mol, then if the mass is given, you should use the molar mass of the given substance to convert from the mass of the substance to moles. This will allow you to convert between mass and moles, so then you can calculate the heat of va...

Samuel Flores 1E

Hello! When you're referring to an isothermal reversible expansion that's twice its volume, this is referring to the example when a system reversibly expands from its initial volume to a final volume that is 2x its initial volume. The "twice its volume" simply specifies the degree to which...

Samuel Flores 1E

Hello! If you see bomb calorimeters in a question, it's probably safe to assume that they are referring to an isolated system. This is because bomb calorimeters are sealed, so there's no exchange of mass with the system's surroundings. And since it is insulated, there would also be no energy exchang...

Samuel Flores 1E

Hello! In the problem, it says that the piston is compressing the gas. This means that work is being done on the system in order to compress this system inside the vessel. Therefore, since the system is being compressed, the work will be positive , because energy is entering the system via work. Hop...

Samuel Flores 1E

Hello! Yes, you are thinking about this correctly. If the given system is cooling, then this means that heat is leaving the system, which in turn means that q will be a negative value. And when the system is performing work on its surroundings (by expanding), then this means that the system is losin...

Samuel Flores 1E

When we see that the surrounding "cooling system" absorbs heat, then we know that the reaction must be transferring energy from the reaction to that cooling system. Because of the reaction's loss of energy to the surrounding cooling system, then we know that the reaction must have a negati...

Samuel Flores 1E

Hello! Because according to the chemical reaction, A is in solid state, we would not consider its contribution to the pressure since it's a solid. Therefore, when we examine the moles of gas, we see that as the reaction proceeds, there's a net increase in moles of gas, so therefore it would exert wo...

Samuel Flores 1E

Hello! When work is being done on the system, energy is being transferred into the given system, which means that the system is obtaining energy from the external work being applied. This allows the work to be positive when work is applied on a system, since it is obtaining energy. On the other hand...

Samuel Flores 1E

Hello! Yes, in a closed system, you can have energy transfer through heat, but closed systems can still have volume changes. So in the scenario where you have a moveable piston, this will be a closed system (because matter cannot be exchanged with the system's surroundings), but the volume of the sy...

Samuel Flores 1E

Hello! You would actually use the equation (Ka)(Kb)=Kw to calculate the different equilibrium constant for the conjugate acid/base. For example, if you know a value of Ka for a certain equation, you can rearrange this equation such as Kb=Kw/Ka, in order to calculate the corresponding Kb value. Hope ...

Samuel Flores 1E

Hello! The goal of this question is to identify that the given reaction is a combustion reaction, specifically for the molecule CH4. We can identify this reaction because combustion reactions involve the reaction of a molecule (such as a hydrocarbon) with O2 to yield CO2 and H20. Because we see that...

Samuel Flores 1E

Hello! When you see a statement like that, for example, "41.2% of A has been ionized to reach equilibrium," then because we're usually given the initial concentration of A, we can use that percentage to calculate the equilibrium concentration of A. This is because the remaining amount of A...

Samuel Flores 1E

Hello! Yes, we will assume that water is neutral, and because water is neutral, this will let us conclude that [OH-] = [H30+]. This of course will allow us to use the given equilibrium constant (Kw) to calculate the equivalent equilibrium concentrations, under the assumption that we're considering n...

Samuel Flores 1E

Hello! You can look and compare the different K values that different temperatures for the reaction. Since the K value decreases when we increase the temperature from 600 to 700K, then then this means that as we increase temperature, the reaction will be shifting to favor the reactions. Therefore, s...

Samuel Flores 1E

Hello! We know that lactic acid will increase the concentration of [H30+], so therefore, we can look at how to effectively minimize the change when we increase the concentration of H30+. For example, in part (a), when we increase [H30+], we want to minimize this change by using up this added H30+. I...

Samuel Flores 1E

Hello! The question is asking what the molar concentrations of H30+ and OH- are in neutral solution. We learned earlier in the lectures that neutral solutions will have [H30+] = [OH-], since they will neutralize each other, resulting in a neutral solution. Therefore, the molar concentrations must eq...

Samuel Flores 1E

Hello! For general chemical reactions like A + B ⇌ C, if the state of the reactants and products is not provided in the question, then it's okay to assume that the concentrations of the reactants and products will all be included. However, if the state is given, then you have to take into considerat...

Samuel Flores 1E

Hello! On the "Constant and Equations" sheet (found on Professor Lavelle's website), the sheet has all the different gas constants for different units that may arise. I believe we are permitted to use the Constants and Equations reference sheet on the midterms, so you can simply refer to t...

Samuel Flores 1E

Hello! In a chemical reaction, solids and liquids will have a constant concentration as we proceed through the chemical reaction. In other words, the reaction does not change the concentration of solids or liquids. As a result, even if we included their concentrations in the equilibrium expression, ...

Samuel Flores 1E

I believe that Professor Lavelle was referring to a neutral solution. Assuming that we’re discussing about a neutral solution, then we know that H3O+ and OH- neutralize each other. Then therefore, if [H3O+] = [OH-] , then this results in a neutral solution. However, the Kw constant will stay the sam...

Samuel Flores 1E

Yes we can approximate values when K is very small. A good rule of thumb is that if Kc < 10^-4, then the approximations will be valid. Therefore, if K is within that guideline, the approximation covered in class will work.

Hope this helps!

Samuel Flores 1E

By Le Chatelier's principle, we want to minimize the effect of the pressure increase (resulting from a volume decrease). When we are looking at the given reaction, we see that 1 mole of gas on the reactant side, and 2 moles of gas (in total) on the product side. Therefore, to reduce pressure, the re...

Samuel Flores 1E

You are correct. If K has a large value, then this means that the equilibrium will sit to the right. This means that there will be a high concentration of products at equilibrium, which means the reaction is readily soluble, simply because the K has a large value.

Hope this helps!

Samuel Flores 1E

I believe it is found through experimentation But can someone explain why [H3O+] and [OH-] concentrations need to be equal? When [H3O+] and [OH-] are equal, then these two substances will neutralize each other. If we are talking about a neutral solution, then we must make [H3O+] = [OH-] in order fo...

Samuel Flores 1E

Hello! The initial concentrations refer to the concentrations of the reactants and products when we first proceed with the reaction. These initial concentrations are measured when the reaction has just started, and this reaction is not in equilibrium. On the other hand, equilibrium concentrations re...

Samuel Flores 1E

Hello! In lecture, Professor Lavelle mentioned that in chemical reactions, solvents change very little in concentration. This is because there is usually a very large amount of solvent, so even if some amount of the solvent is consumed in the chemical reaction, overall the change in concentration of...

Samuel Flores 1E

Hello! In lecture, Professor Lavelle mentioned that a reaction will favor the reactants or products according to the stability of the structures of the reactants and products. Because the highest stabilities have the lowest energies, then the equilibrium is shifted toward the most stable, lowest ene...

Samuel Flores 1E

Hello! When Professor Lavelle mentioned that solids aren't included in the equilibrium expression, he meant that solids do not change in concentration in a chemical reaction (this is the same for pure liquids as well). This is because solids are virtually incompressible, so as a chemical reaction pr...

Samuel Flores 1E

Hello! When we see that there's a negative delta H value, this means that heat is released and therefore the reaction is exothermic. On the other hand, when the delta H value is positive, then heat is absorbed and the reaction is therefore endothermic. Therefore, now we can look at the two reactions...

Samuel Flores 1E

Hello! We know that according to the Bronsted definition of an acid, a substance is an acid if it is a H+ donor. Now let's look at HCN. We see that it has a H atom attached to the N atom. This H atom, in the presence of a base, can be removed from the HCN molecule as a H+. Therefore, we can say that...

Samuel Flores 1E

Hello! In the lecture, Cl- is excluded because this species is not strong enough to affect the pH of the solution. This is because while there is attraction between the Cl- and the surrounding H2O molecules, this attraction is not strong enough to actually protonate the Cl- to yield HCl. Therefore, ...

Samuel Flores 1E

Hello! I believe that both of those substances are amphoteric, which depends on whether the substances are in the presence of an acid or base. In the case of HSO4-, the substance could gain a H+ (in the presence of a separate acid), which would yield H2SO4. Or HSO4- could lose a H+ (in the presence ...

Samuel Flores 1E

Hello! The pH is a measurement of the concentration of [H+] of the solution that the given acid is placed into. On the other hand, the pKa value is associated with the acid that we're considering. Therefore, the question posed in class has to do with the relative pH values of the solution and the gi...

Samuel Flores 1E

Hello! pH 7 is the value that we get when the concentration of the [OH-] and [H+] are equal. Of course, when the concentrations are equal, this means that the species completely neutralize each other and you yield a neutral solution. Therefore, the pH and pOH will always add up to 14, since if you d...

Samuel Flores 1E

Hello! The Coordination Number is the number of bonds that the central metal atom is involved with the ligands of the coordination sphere. We find the coordination number by simply counting the number of ligands within the coordination compound, and taking into consideration whether any of the ligan...

Samuel Flores 1E

Hello! A good way of remembering if a bond angle is less than 109.5 or 120, for instance, is when lone pairs are present . This is because the repulsion between lone pairs and bonding pair electrons are stronger than the repulsion between two bonding pairs of electrons. This greater repulsion, cause...

Samuel Flores 1E

Hello! Yes, you did the problem correctly! For every ligand that is in the quantity of two or more (within the coordination sphere of a given coordination compound), we will always put the Greek prefix (e.g. di, tri, tetra, etc) before the ligand when naming the coordination compound. So therefore, ...

Samuel Flores 1E

Hello! To determine the coordination number, we can simply count the number of ligands within the brackets (which identifies the species within the coordination sphere). The number of bonding ligands to the central metal atom signifies the coordination number. Make sure to consider any ligands that ...

Samuel Flores 1E

Hello! S-character simply refers to the degree/amount that the s orbital contributes to the hybrid orbital. Remember that hybrid orbitals, like sp2 or sp3 mentioned in the problem, are a combination of s and p orbitals. Therefore, when you increase s character, you increase the extent to which the s...

Samuel Flores 1E

Hello! A bent molecular structure signifies that the associated atoms are not positioned directly opposite of each other (like that in a linear molecular shape). As a result, the bonds' dipole moments don't cancel, which results in a net polar molecule. In other words, even if the atoms are the same...

Samuel Flores 1E

Hello! I believe that you are thinking about it correctly. Since resonance structures are equally-likely structures of a certain molecule, a double bond will be involved. This is because a molecule involving purely single bonds wouldn't have any place for differing resonance structures. And then of ...

Samuel Flores 1E

Hello! Double bonds will constitute a single region of electron density, even though it's a double bond. So then, when we see that a molecule has 3 regions of electron density (1 double bond, 2 single bonds), this always points to sp2 hybridization. This is because sp2 hybrid orbitals result in thre...

Samuel Flores 1E

Hello! We take atoms off of the equatorial positions (not axial positions) because this minimizes repulsions. Repulsions will be minimized when an equatorial position atom is removed, since it is not as close to other atoms compared to the axial position atoms. So therefore, by the VSEPR Model, we f...

Samuel Flores 1E

Hello! From my understanding, delocalized pi bonds arise from resonance, where a double bond can be placed in different locations by differing resonance structures. Since in reality the structure of the given molecule will be a resonance hybrid , this double bond is delocalized throughout the entire...

Samuel Flores 1E

Hello! When drawing the Lewis structure for the phosphate ion, we notice that we can place the double bond between any of the P-O bonds. Therefore, we can indicate that phosphate ion experiences resonance. And resonance implies that we have a resonance hybrid, or an average/mix of the different reso...

Samuel Flores 1E

When we draw out the Lewis structure for OF2, we will notice that OF2 has a lone pair of electrons. Because OF2 has a lone pair, this is a good indicator that it is a Lewis Base (remember that Lewis bases= electron donors). So therefore, OF2 has electrons (its lone pair electrons) to donate, making ...

Samuel Flores 1E

Hello! We know that all intermolecular attractions contain London forces. However, only nonpolar molecules will solely experience only London forces. This is because non-polar bonds would not experience dipole-dipole attraction or hydrogen bonding. So, to check if a molecule only has London forces, ...

Samuel Flores 1E

Hello! As said above, Lewis acids are electron accepters, while Lewis bases are electron donors. One thing I'll add is that we see that the Br becomes an anion once it's a product. This will help us indicate that it gained electrons, so the Br in the CH3Br will accept electrons in the process of thi...

Samuel Flores 1E

Hello! A dipole moment is a measure of the polarity of a certain bond. Therefore, if we have a polar bond, then it will have a non-zero dipole moment. Of course, a polar bond arises from the unequal sharing of electrons between atoms (differences in electronegativity), so a dipole moment is also a m...

Samuel Flores 1E

Hello! Elements in period 3 and beyond will be able to have an expanded octet. This will occur because when we're in n=3, this means that the s, p, and d sub shell are open in the valence shell to receive electrons. So therefore along with the 8 electrons that the s and p sub shells can hold, the d ...

Samuel Flores 1E

Hello! We don't have to memorize any specific electronegativity values for any elements. However, we are expected to know the trends of electronegativity (as well as ionization energy trends) in the periodic table. Specifically, you should be familiar the trends that electronegativity generally incr...

Samuel Flores 1E

Hello! Resonance structures simply denote the electronic structure of a molecule which has equally likely structures to occur. When we refer to a resonance hybrid, we are talking about the average or combination of these resonance structures, where the structure is a "hybrid" of the given ...

Samuel Flores 1E

Hello! So a permanent dipole comes in the the form of a polar covalent bond, where the two involved atoms unequally share their electrons (different electronegativities. On the other hand, a temporary dipole arises from the fluctuation of electron density in a covalent bond. If at one point the elec...

Samuel Flores 1E

Hello! One way to think about it is that a lower energy system translates to a more stable system . So therefore, in forming a bond, when energy is released, this lowers the overall energy of the system, which results in a more stable system. This is why when bonds form, they will release energy. Ho...

Samuel Flores 1E

Hello! As the "l" quantum number increases (aka as you progress from s → p → d → f ...), the energy of these subshells will increase. In other words, as you fill the sub shells within a given shell, the energy will increase from s → p → d → f and so forth. You can observe this trend throug...

Samuel Flores 1E

Yes, both versions of the electron configurations would be correct. Specifying which p suborbital the electron is in (3px^1 3py^1 3pz^1) will simply be a more specific version of the same electron configuration. So both of the electron configurations would be valid; it's just that specifying the p s...

Samuel Flores 1E

Yes, your reasoning is correct! For elements in Period 3, the valence shell has the 3s orbital (which can hold up to 2 electrons), the 3p orbitals (which can hold up to 6 electrons) and then the 3d orbitals (which can hold up to 10 electrons). We can add all these electrons together to get a total o...

Samuel Flores 1E

Hello! Conceptually, you can also think of the difference in bond lengths as a result of the strength of the single/double bond. Since double bonds involve more electrons, they are stronger, and they will pull the atoms closer together, resulting in a shorter bond length . On the other hand, a singl...

Samuel Flores 1E

Hello! I'll add that because the p orbitals are further away from the nucleus, this increases the electrostatic potential energy between the positively-charged nucleus and the negatively-charged electron. Remember that the PE increases as the distance between the electron and nucleus increases, so b...

Samuel Flores 1E

Hello! The significance of two holes is that this gives rise to the diffraction pattern . Therefore, the light passes through these two holes, and the wave patterns emitted from these two slits thus interact with each other, producing a diffraction pattern. In other words, diffraction patterns arise...

Samuel Flores 1E

Hello! Conceptually, constructive interference occurs when the troughs line up with each other, and when the peaks line up with each other. This results in constructive interference because in either case, the amplitude will increase . And because the amplitude increases, this signals that construct...

Samuel Flores 1E

Hello! Usually, if the problem gives a range of values (e.g. 500 m/s ± 1m/s), then we will use that range of values and multiply by 2 to get the uncertainty. However, if the problem explicitly says "The uncertainty in __ is ...", then this is a signal for you to just use that exact value a...

Samuel Flores 1E

Hello! The best way to solve these type of problem is to find the velocity of the electron, with the equation KE=(1/2)mv^2. If you know the KE of the electron, plug this into the equation to solve for the velocity of the electron. Once we know the velocity of the ejected electron, then we can apply ...

Samuel Flores 1E

Hello! We multiply by the energy found in Part A because we're trying to find the t otal amount of energy produced by 5.00 mg of sodium atoms. I'll list the steps of unit conversions from mg of sodium atoms to the total energy of these sodium atoms. 1. So if we start with 5.00 mg of atoms, then we d...

Samuel Flores 1E

Hello! One application of knowing that electrons have wave-like properties is that it can help shape the model of electron orbitals around an atom. In other words, because by the De Broglie equation we know that electrons can act as waves, this later influenced other scientists to create the atomic ...

Samuel Flores 1E

As mentioned above, diffraction occurs because of the constructive and destructive interference of two waves. In constructive interference, the amplitude of the 2 interaction waves are additive, while in destructive interference, the amplitude of the combined wave is cancel each other out partially,...

Samuel Flores 1E

A bound electron is one that is found in an atom, where it is traveling around the atom's nucleus. And a free electron is one that has been ejected from an atom, so it is not part of an atom anymore. When looking at electrons in chemistry, we usually deal with electrons in the context of atoms, so u...

Samuel Flores 1E

Hello! The De Broglie equation is used to the find the wavelength of a particle (i.e. an electron) with wave-like properties . Basically, for very small particles, the De Broglie equation measures the wavelength of the wave-like property that particle exhibits. The other equation you mentioned, such...

Samuel Flores 1E

Yes, this is correct. If the kinetic energy of the emitted electron (during the Photoelectric Experiment) is KE=0, then we can conclude that E=hv is equal to the Work Function of the Metal. Therefore, while E=hv represents the the energy of a photon when we know its frequency (v), this equation can ...

Samuel Flores 1E

It is correct that wavelength is inversely proportional to the energy of a wave. We know this because we see that the energy of light (photon) is determined by the equation: E=hv. We can replace v (frequency) with its relationship to wavelength to get E=hc/λ. Therefore, by this equation, since λ is ...

Samuel Flores 1E

Hello! In these kinds of questions, in the problem they would usually provide the molar mass of the molecular formula . One way to find out if the empirical formula is the molecular formula is to add up all the atomic weights of the atoms found in the empirical formula. Then, if the "molar mass...

Samuel Flores 1E

Hello! In the original photoelectric experiment, the goal of the experiment was to simply determine the energy needed to eject an electron from a metal surface (the threshold energy). In other words, their goal was to measure the threshold energy of different metal surfaces. Of course, we study this...

Samuel Flores 1E

I agree with the responses above. When chemistry is dealing with subjects on the atomic scale , often we would be dealing with quantum mechanics. This is because we are looking at discrete units that cannot be broken down further. As quantum mechanics is often dealing with subjects on a microscopic ...

Samuel Flores 1E

When you hear “quantized”, it basically means discrete units of a value. I can provide an example: In an atom, the energy of its electrons are discrete values (in other words, electrons in atoms can’t have any energy value, but only certain discrete values of energy). Quantized values are found with...

Samuel Flores 1E

Hello! Yes, you are correct: in the case you described, there would be no limiting reactant, as there would be just enough of each reactant to create products. In this case you described, you can use either reactant to calculate the theoretical yield of the product (it would result in the same yield...

Samuel Flores 1E

I would recommend implementing sig figs for the final answer . While it's possible to make sure the number of sig figs are correct in each step of the problem, ultimately the final answer should have the proper amount of significant figures. In other words, feel free to do sig figs in each step of t...

Samuel Flores 1E

I think it's easiest to summarize the sig fig rules into 3 simple steps that determines whether the number is significant or not: 1. If the number is nonzero (3, 6, 8, etc.), then it is a significant figure . 2. If the number zero is in between two non zero numbers (606, 802, etc.), then it is a sig...

Samuel Flores 1E

Hello! I agree with the answers given above. Including the physical state of a substance is not required to balance the chemical equation you are given. You will get the correct balanced equation whether or not you include the physical states (i.e. l, s, g, aq) in the chemical equation. However, if ...

Samuel Flores 1E

When diluting a solution, the moles of solute will always be the same. By diluting the solution (usually via adding water to that solution), you’re increasing the Volume of the Solution, while the moles Of solute remain the same. This of course will decrease the molar concentration of the solution (...

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