CHEMISTRY COMMUNITY

reyvalui_3g

It will depend on the units that are given to us in the problem.

reyvalui_3g

An intermediate is a species in a chemical reaction that is created in one step, but then used up in the next.

reyvalui_3g

If there is a change in temperature, k changes as well.

reyvalui_3g

Intermediates appear as products as first and then are used up as reactants, catalysts show up as reactants and then become products.

reyvalui_3g

A catalyst will only affect the pathway taken in a reaction.

reyvalui_3g

The average rate of reaction is used to describe the reaction as a whole, while the instantaneous rate is used to describe the reaction at a specific point in time.

reyvalui_3g

Reactions can be kinetically controlled by the rate of formation of the product, which is a kinetic factor.

reyvalui_3g

Intermediates are formed during the reaction and then used up, so they are not a part of the rate law.

reyvalui_3g

As time increases the instantaneous rate decreases.

reyvalui_3g

Kinetics deals with the rate of the reaction while thermodynamics observes the stability of the reaction.

reyvalui_3g

Yes, the reaction would just take a very long time.

reyvalui_3g

These two would have the same values if the number if moles in the system are the same.

reyvalui_3g

The two are not interchangeable as they do not represent the same thing.

reyvalui_3g

The units are:

zero order= molL−1s−1
first order= s−1
second order= L mol−1s−1

reyvalui_3g

I enjoyed equilibrium the most.

reyvalui_3g

The salt bridge helps maintain the concentration of the cell - thus allowing the redox reaction to continue.

reyvalui_3g

Yes, they are essentially the same thing.

reyvalui_3g

The coefficients have no effect on the oxidation number.

reyvalui_3g

Losing Electrons = Oxidation, and that is why the number increases, since the charge of the atom is increasing as it loses electrons.

reyvalui_3g

I like to use the acronym OIL RIG

Oxidation Is Loss of electrons
Reduction Is Gain of electrons

reyvalui_3g

Yes that is correct, since the equations for both are state functions.

reyvalui_3g

Entropy is in J/K.

reyvalui_3g

Entropy is the level of disorder in a system and its surroundings, or the universe.

reyvalui_3g

We can use the Gibbs free energy equation to figure out if a system is spontaneous. As long as G is less than 0 the reaction will be spontaneous.

reyvalui_3g

G° is under standard conditions, 298K and 1 atm.

reyvalui_3g

If G < 0 it will form more products and if G is > 0 it will form more reactants.

reyvalui_3g

d is for derivatives and delta signifies a change in quantity.

reyvalui_3g

Yes, this is the correct explanation.

reyvalui_3g

In this case work is negative.

reyvalui_3g

In this context work done on the system is positive and work being done by the system is negative.

reyvalui_3g

Dry ice is a good example since it goes straight from solid dry ice to a vapor.

reyvalui_3g

A phase change is significant because the temperature of the system is not changing, but heat is being released/absorbed in order to form/break bonds of the reactants. A liquid changing to a gas would require heat.

reyvalui_3g

We can tell if a reaction is endo/exothermic by using the delta H values or by determining the phase change of the reactants.

reyvalui_3g

Everything will be set up if you go through the link on CCLE.

reyvalui_3g

Yes, you are right a solid changing to a liquid is a phase change because the matter is changing forms.

reyvalui_3g

I do not believe that there are any exceptions to this rule.

reyvalui_3g

In exothermic reactions the reaction will shift to the left if temperature is increased and vice versa for the opposite.
In endothermic reactions the reaction will shift to the right if temperature is increased and vice versa for the opposite.

reyvalui_3g

They are essentially the same thing.

reyvalui_3g

Heat is represented by q.

reyvalui_3g

It is always good to use the 5% rule to determine if x is insignificant.

reyvalui_3g

It will be a strong base.

reyvalui_3g

It will be the sum of all the species in the system.

reyvalui_3g

It is situational, it is best to use the units that are given to you in the problem.

reyvalui_3g

Ka and Kb are constants for acidity and basicity, respectively. Ka multiplied by Kb will give you the constant for water Kw. We use them when trying to determine either the pH or pOH of a solution.

reyvalui_3g

A larger value of Ka means that the acid is stronger.

reyvalui_3g

It will always be un Kelvin.

reyvalui_3g

Q is the reaction quotient for any specific moment during a reaction, technically Q does not approach K but the concentrations of the reactant and products will change so that the ratio will be equal to K.

reyvalui_3g

It is much easier to use PV = nRT than the equation the book gave us.

reyvalui_3g

Yes, temperature does matter as it affects the value of the rate constant.

reyvalui_3g

We will most of the time be using Kelvin.

reyvalui_3g

In oxo acids the stronger acid is the one that has an atom with greater electronegativity. This is because this atom will pull electrons away from the oxygen and make it easier for it to deprotonate in solution.

reyvalui_3g

In oxo acids the stronger acid is the one with the more electronegative atom attached to the OH group. This is because the atom will pull the electrons from the oxygen closer to it, making the OH bond more polar. In turn the molecule can deprotonate much easier.

reyvalui_3g

In oxo acids the stronger acid is the one that has an atom with greater electronegativity. This is because this atom will pull electrons away from the oxygen and make it easier for it to deprotonate in solution.

reyvalui_3g

If you compare the pKb values between hypobromite and morphine, you will find that the pKb value of hypobromite is lower than that of morphine. This means that hypobromite is a stronger base.

reyvalui_3g

It is because the F is so electronegative that in solution it will not give up its hydrogen very easily.

reyvalui_3g

This is because F is the most electronegative atom and will not readily give up its hydrogen.

reyvalui_3g

They are the same thing when it comes to solving acid and base problems.

reyvalui_3g

It will always be the transition metal.

reyvalui_3g

It is the number of bonds.

reyvalui_3g

FrancescaHawkins3J wrote:Just to clarify, are we meant to have the compounds on the chart memorized?

Yes you want to memorize those compound names.

reyvalui_3g

Shalyn Kelly 1L wrote:Are lone pairs what make the bond angles "less than (<) 120" and such? And if there are two lone pairs then the bond angel would be less than less than (<<)?

Yes, that is correct, the lone pairs will make the bond angles smaller since they occupy a larger volume of space.

reyvalui_3g

In general, lone pairs will make the bond angles smaller than the angles if all the regions of electron density were atoms.

reyvalui_3g

Yes, that is right when evaluating two different atoms.

reyvalui_3g

I think it has to do something with the wavefunction of the molecular orbitals being normalized to the value of 1.

reyvalui_3g

Hybridization can be found by counting the number of lone pairs and atoms bonded to the central molecule.

reyvalui_3g

Whichever molecule has the highest IMF, because then it takes more energy (heat) to break the bonds between atoms.

reyvalui_3g

Both molecules are nonpolar, so the attractive force that determines the boiling point of the molecules is the London Dispersion Force. Since CCL4 is heavier it has greater dispersion forces, raising its boiling point.

reyvalui_3g

Yes they are found in all bonds, as the electrons in an atom are always travelling around the nucleus, allowing instantaneous dipoles to be created.

reyvalui_3g

Polarizability refers to how easily the electron cloud of an atom can be disrupted.

reyvalui_3g

For a molecule with multiple central atoms, each central atom only has one shape.

This YouTube link is also very helpful when in answering your question.

reyvalui_3g

sometime the geometry of a molecule can affect its polarity. BF3, though have a high electronegative difference, is not polar because its geometry cancels the polarity. Can you explain this more? Why does the geometry of BF3 allow the molecule to be polar? Why is this not true for H2O or SO 4 2- ? ...

reyvalui_3g

Electronegativity is the property of an atom in a molecule and determines how well an atom attracts electrons.

Electron affinity is the property of a lone atom in its gaseous state and measures the amount of energy that is released when an electron is added to this atom.

reyvalui_3g

In the case of London Dispersion Forces, what determines there bond strength is how often two atoms will bond at their instantaneous dipoles. In larger atoms, the attractive force on their valence electrons is less than that of smaller atoms due to electron shielding. This means that these valence e...

reyvalui_3g

As long as we are drawing the molecule in such way that people understand it is trigonal bipyramidal, I do not think it really matters which two it is.

reyvalui_3g

To identify polarizing power/polarizability, you will need to identify the size of the atom which will be determined by the outermost shell of electrons and how many protons the atom's nucleus has.

reyvalui_3g

This rule will apply for other orbitals as well. For example, it would be 4d10 5s2 or 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 6s2

reyvalui_3g

In the context of this class, delocalized electrons are present in molecules that have resonance structures i.e. Nitrite. https://www.differencebetween.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/Difference-between-Nitrate-and-Nitrite-fig-1.jpg In the molecule nitrite we draw it with three different resonance st...

reyvalui_3g

If the molecule you are drawing has multiple resonance structures it is good to use formal charge in order determine that you have drawn the right representation of the atom.

reyvalui_3g

I am assuming that, due to the fact that delocalized electrons have the ability to move around a molecule, it means they are more free than localized electrons from the effective nuclear charges of the atoms involved in bonding. Which means that they would have more energy.

reyvalui_3g

Adding on to that, the fourth quantum number is also important in bonding as valence electrons cannot pair up if they both have the same value for the fourth quantum number.

reyvalui_3g

AnayaArnold_3L wrote:Do we need to know how to identify intramolecular forces?

I am assuming that later on it would be helpful for us to differentiate between the two different forces so that we can explain the chemical behavior of certain molecules and/or atoms.

reyvalui_3g

Brian_Wu_3G wrote:So which one is it? Is ionic or covalent stronger? There are differing answers here.

Ionic bonds are for sure stronger than covalent bonds.

reyvalui_3g

If I remember clearly, later on we will be introduced to the idea of expanded octets as well. Which occur in atoms after the third period of the periodic table.

reyvalui_3g

It is also important to note that in a period on the periodic table, elements with more protons will have a stronger electronegativity since there is a stronger effective nuclear charge.

reyvalui_3g

I would have to agree with the previous reply to this comment, and I am assuming that there must be some sort of process that two parallel electrons, or the two bonding atoms, would have to go through in order to successfully create a new molecule.

reyvalui_3g

If there is no input errors from you the only possible thing that I can think of is that it may be a rounding error.

reyvalui_3g

If I remember correctly, the Hamiltonian represents the kinetic energy of the wave function plus the potential energy of the wave function. The kinetic energy of the wave function represents the energy of the actual motion of the particle, while the potential energy of the wave function represents t...

reyvalui_3g

FionaHunter21 wrote:Right now, can we consider the wave function to just be simplified to the version where we treat it like a sine function?

Yes, I think it would be safe to assume that for now since the way we are trying to understand the wave function is by using the "particle in a box" analogy.

reyvalui_3g

The wave function will tell you the trajectory of a particle. In this case the particle we are dealing with is an electron, so the wavefunction will tell you the path of the electron outside of the atom. Furthermore, each wave function is different depending on which atomic orbital the electron is l...

reyvalui_3g

If I remember correctly, the second derivative of the wave function doesn't necessarily equate to the probability of finding an electron, as that would be the wave function squared. All the second derivative would do is tell you the curvature of the wave function at a certain point. As for the Hamil...

reyvalui_3g

For the Lyman Series, an excited electron reaches the n = 1 level. While for the Balmer series, an excited electron reaches the n = 2 level. Lines in the Lyman Series are in the UV region of light, and lines of the Balmer series are in the visible region of light. This means that electrons in the Ly...

reyvalui_3g

Furthermore, it is important to consider that the Bohr Frequency Condition can only applied to atoms that only have one electron outside of its nucleus.

reyvalui_3g

The reason why we say that all objects have wavelike properties, is because all matter has wavelike properties while at the same time exhibiting particle like properties. This means that everything is this world will exhibit wavelike properties, it is just that these wavelengths are much too small t...

reyvalui_3g

It is because they are accounting for the "plus or minus 1.0e-3m/s". For example, if an object was originally travelling at 10 meters per second and would change speed at "plus or minus 2 meter per second", then the object could either be travelling at 8 meters per second or 12 m...

reyvalui_3g

To solve this problem we use Heisenberg's Indeterminacy Equation: Delta p x Delta x >= h/(4pi) They already gave us the value for Delta x, which is the diameter of the atom, 350 pm. However, for this problem we want to convert this number to meters which in this case is 3.50 x 10^-10 m. That means w...

reyvalui_3g

In order to calculate the minimum energy needed to remove the e- from the surface of the metal we can use the equation: Energy = (Frequency)(h) We know already that h (Planck's Constant) is : 6.626 x 10^-34 J.s. Furthermore, the problem gave us the frequency 1.09 x 10^15 s-1. Now all that has to be ...

reyvalui_3g

In technical terms a reagent is a substance or compound that is used to cause a chemical reaction, a reactant is a substance that is consumed in the course of a chemical reaction.
In this case they can be used interchangeably as we are only evaluating balanced chemical equations.

reyvalui_3g

On these sorts of cases I never round the values until the very final answer, just in case I may run into some sort of error.

reyvalui_3g

If we approach this problem from a graphical standpoint it will be easier to understand "extent of the change in the electrical field". Imagine we graph two different waves of light (light is a form of electromagnetic radiation) - one of the waves of light has a lower frequency than the ot...

reyvalui_3g

For this problem you have to look up the mass of a neutron and the mass of a proton; the mass of a proton is around 1.672*10^-27 kg and the mass of a neutron is around 1.675*10^-27 kg. With this information you can then find the wavelength of each particle using De Broglie's Equation. You then take ...

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