CHEMISTRY COMMUNITY

AngelinaYuleiGao 1B

I really enjoyed lewis structures in 14A and kinetics in 14B! I really liked learning the theories behind how chemistry works; and they feel more interesting conceptually over other topics that were mostly plug and chug equations.

AngelinaYuleiGao 1B

That is what the textbook did, but I do not understand why it is -0.59 here: Screen Shot 2022-03-12 at 7.15.22 PM.png It's a solution manual error; although the final answer is the same, the process is really messed up. Dr. Lavelle has it on his solution manual errors pdf; and I've attached a scree...

AngelinaYuleiGao 1B

Take the values given, and plug them into the slightly altered version of the Arrhenius equation to calculate the new k_r value! Attached is both the formula and an explanation for how it's derived, it's on the textbook :)

AngelinaYuleiGao 1B

Take a look at how changing the concentration of C affects the rate; trials 1 and 4. You'll see that the rate doesn't change, thus the order of [C] is 0 and it is not on the rate law, so just ignore it and focus on the concentration of A and B!

AngelinaYuleiGao 1B

isothermal refers to a process in which the temperature of the system remains constant, while an adiabatic system refers to a process in which no heat is transferred; thus, delta q = 0.

AngelinaYuleiGao 1B

They're the same equation, just one of them is exponentiated (we took e to the power of everything, thus canceling out the lns. The first equation is in slope-intercept form, while the second equation makes it easy to directly calculate the current concentration without having to solve logs. That's ...

AngelinaYuleiGao 1B

So in an open system, heat and matter is able to escape into the surroundings. This makes it a little difficult to calculate the change in thermodynamics of the system vs the surroundings. As a general rule of thumb, heat lost by the system is gained by the surroundings and vice versa, so calculate ...

AngelinaYuleiGao 1B

It's used to determine how the equilibrium constant changes at different temperatures! I'm not sure what you mean by real-life example, but for example, if they tell you the equilibrium constant for an equation, as well as what temperature it's at, and the standard enthalpy change for a reaction, yo...

AngelinaYuleiGao 1B

A is the pre-exponential factor, and is calculated by the collision cross-section x mean average speed x avogadro's constant^2 The process to actually calculate the terms is really long, and textbook section 7D explains it pretty in depth. It relies on a lot of experimentally determined properties, ...

AngelinaYuleiGao 1B

Platinum is usually used when both the product and reactant of a half-reaction are in solution! It's a very stable metal at a wide pH range, so it's chemically inert enough to transfer electrons as a conductor without interfering with the reaction.

AngelinaYuleiGao 1B

I believe A is an empirical property inherent to the reaction; it's the fraction of molecules that would react if the activation energy were zero, of if the kinetic energy of every single particle exceeds the minimum energy required to react. It's not really something we can calculate; at best we ge...

AngelinaYuleiGao 1B

Catalysts do not change equilibrium concentrations, or the thermodynamics of a system (the change in enthalpy, entropy, gibbs, etc). The only thing it changes is that it creates a new pathway for the reaction to occur which has a lower activation energy. I believe the reaction mechanism would be dif...

AngelinaYuleiGao 1B

State functions are path independent, meaning that for final - initial, the result will be the same regardless of what steps were taken in between. For example, temperature is a state function; the overall change in temperature for a compound initially at 100 degrees, cooled to 0 degrees, then heate...

AngelinaYuleiGao 1B

Hey, when determining order from initial rates you want to pick two trials in which the concentration of only ONE reactant changes. If two change, then you can't isolate the effect changing the concentration has on the reaction rate. https://chem.libretexts.org/Ancillary_Materials/Laboratory_Experim...

AngelinaYuleiGao 1B

It depends on the order of the rate law! The zero and first order integrated rate law uses -kt (so their slopes are negative), while the second-order integrated rate law uses kt (giving a positive slope)!

AngelinaYuleiGao 1B

Hi! The 5% rule is used to test if the assumption we make that subtracting or adding x does not change the concentration as the Ka or Kb value is less than 10 -3 . This website does a really good job explaining the specifics, and I feel like it does a better job of it than me, so please give it a re...

AngelinaYuleiGao 1B

Since they are consumed before the final product is made, the reaction doesn't really produce that intermediate, especially considering the steady state approximation, which states the rate at which an intermediate is produce = the rate at which an intermediate is consumed. Since there isn't a net p...

AngelinaYuleiGao 1B

Strong acids and bases have an infinitely large Ka and Kb value. Since K is [products]/[reactants], and they disassociate completely in solution, meaning no reactants remain, we're essentially dividing by 0 if we try to find a Ka or Kb value for a strong acid/base. Thus, if you see a Ka or Kb, you c...

AngelinaYuleiGao 1B

This course really helped me enjoy Chemistry again; I hated the subject with a passion in high school because it felt so convoluted and scatted, but your class expertly connected all of the bits and pieces we've learned over the years into a super cohesive course, and everything made so much more se...

AngelinaYuleiGao 1B

I believe so, as it was something we learned in Chem 14A! However, I doubt they'll be specifically testing to see if you remember the strong acids and bases. I personally found it really helpful to remember periodic trends and what specific properties make an acid strong, that way even if you forget...

AngelinaYuleiGao 1B

The overall rate of a reaction mechanism depends on its slowest step; we call this step the rate-determining step. Since the first step of this mechanism is the slowest step, all subsequent steps have no impact on the overall reaction rate, so we don't have to use the steady state / pre-equilibrium ...

AngelinaYuleiGao 1B

A rule of thumb I use is that when I'm dealing with anything involving energy (like entropy and enthalpy), I use 8.314, since there are Joules in the units. When I'm dealing with changes in pressure, volume, temperature, moles of a gas, I use 0.0821, since the units for that has liters, atmospheres,...

AngelinaYuleiGao 1B

Use the initial and current concentrations of the reactant, as well as the time taken! Sometimes you have to do a bit of stoichiometry to figure [A] and [A0] out. Plug these values into the first-order integrated rate law, and solve for k :) Good luck!

AngelinaYuleiGao 1B

Unique rate laws unify the rate of reaction across every product and reactant in a chemical reaction. In a reaction like 2A -> B + C, the rate of consumption of A is double that of the rate of formation of B and C, so it gets confusing as to what rate a rate refers to. By dividing the rate by the st...

AngelinaYuleiGao 1B

It depends on if it's involved in the overall reaction at all. If it's merely the solvent, and does not partake in the reaction, then it wouldn't be included! The same goes if it is an intermediary; if it is produced and then used up, we don't want to include it on the rate law.

AngelinaYuleiGao 1B

How do we know when to use one approach over the other? I understand that both require the first step of a reaction to be fast, and steady state assumes the rate of consumption of the intermediate is the same as the rate of its production, while pre-equilibrium assumes the first step of a reaction r...

AngelinaYuleiGao 1B

Hi! Since you know how much B is produced, use the balanced equation to find out how much A is used up. For every two molecules of A used up, one molecule of B is produced, so twice as many moles of A was used as B was produced. Subtract the amount of A used up from the original amount of A, and thi...

AngelinaYuleiGao 1B

Hi! I wrote a pretty detailed explanation for how to calculate overall order on an earlier post, so I'll also drop it here :) Hi! To determine the overall reaction order, you have to add the reaction order for each reactant together. For example, a to find the reaction order of A + B -> C, First, fi...

AngelinaYuleiGao 1B

Pt(s) is very stable at a wide range of pHs, so it's a very good electrode when both reactant and product of a half-reaction are in solution; the platinum provides a surface for the reaction to take place, while not interfering with the half-reaction itself. If the electrode wasn't there, there also...

AngelinaYuleiGao 1B

It depends on what the question tells you! I believe they will specify which step of the reaction is the slow, or rate-determining step. If your slow step is the first step in a reaction, then all subsequent elementary reactions have no effect on the rate of the overall reaction, and thus you can wr...

AngelinaYuleiGao 1B

I think it would be easier to answer this question given a specific problem, but I think I would approach it this way; You mention they give you the moles of product; I think the problem would need to specify if it is the number of moles of product at equilibrium. Once you have that value, divide th...

AngelinaYuleiGao 1B

During fall quarter, I relied mainly on the lectures to learn the content, but this quarter, I've begun reading the textbook more closely and found it really helpful in understanding the conceptual content, which I've noticed is tested really heavily on. The textbook, along with the textbook problem...

AngelinaYuleiGao 1B

Entropy change refers to the overall change in the disorder of a system. Because the universe naturally tends towards disorder, processes that increase the disorder of the system happen spontaneously. As for endothermic vs exothermic reactions, it's important to consider the change in entropy of the...

AngelinaYuleiGao 1B

Knowing the order of a reaction allows us to find the experimentally derived rate law for a reaction, and using this rate law, we can develop a reaction mechanism to better understand the elementary reactions that took place in order to allow an overall reaction to occur. This is because every eleme...

AngelinaYuleiGao 1B

Basically what this is asking you to know, from what I understand, is that entropy is comprised of two parts; thermal disorder, and positional disorder. The thermal disorder cannot change if there is no heat added/removed, while positional disorder cannot change if the volume is held constant. Hope ...

AngelinaYuleiGao 1B

For a second order reaction, if the concentration of a reactant increases by a factor of N (old concentration x N = new concentration), the reaction rate will increase by a factor of N² (old reaction rate x N² = new reaction rate)

Hope that makes sense!

AngelinaYuleiGao 1B

Work is simply the change in energy of a system. Thus, if work is negative, the change in energy of the system is negative; energy is leaving the system. On the other hand, if work is positive, the change in energy is positive, so energy is being added to the system. Hope this helps!

AngelinaYuleiGao 1B

Can someone explain to me how half-life works for a second-order reaction? The textbook solutions have a really complicated solution to this problem; why can't we just figure out how many half-lives it takes to get to 1/16th of the initial concentration, and multiply that by the half-life given (50....

AngelinaYuleiGao 1B

k' is the rate constant for the reverse reaction. The equilibrium constant K, will be equal to k/k' and k' can be useful when you're using the pre-equilibrium approach to determine the final rate constant using the rate constants of the elementary steps. While this is correct, I'm fairly certain yo...

AngelinaYuleiGao 1B

k' is the psuedo-rate constant! it's equal to k multiplied by the concentration of one of our reactants. In a second order reaction involving two reactants, like R=k[A][B] it's possible to simplify this reaction to a first order reaction if one of our reactant concentrations is so high, it virtually...

AngelinaYuleiGao 1B

This video has a really great explanation for how the second order integrated rate law is derived! https://youtu.be/BRVPlDCMgMg The original rate law is not linear, but once you integrate the rate law, you get 1/[A]=kt+1/[A 0 ]. Although it doesn't look like a linear equation at first glance, this a...

AngelinaYuleiGao 1B

I've been listening to Malcolm Robinson's orchestral rendition of the Chrono Trigger soundtrack on repeat when I'm studying! Game soundtracks in general are a favorite of mine because they were written to be background music, and so it doesn't distract you from what you're working on while still pro...

AngelinaYuleiGao 1B

No, reaction rate order is an experimentally determined property! The stoichiometric coefficient is useful when given the unique rate of a reaction; you can multiply the unique rate by a coefficient to determine the specific rate of one product or reactant within a reaction.

AngelinaYuleiGao 1B

The unique rate of a chemical reaction is the individual rate for every product and reactant divided by their respective coefficients. This is because for reactions with different stoichiometric ratios, for example, A + 2B = 3C, the rate at which C is produced is three times that at which A is consu...

AngelinaYuleiGao 1B

On the outline for kinetics, it says: "Know how to derive the differential and integrated rate laws for zero, 1st and 2nd order reactions and know how to derive their respective half-life equations." Although I don't know how exactly he'd test you on this, given it's a multiple-choice exam...

AngelinaYuleiGao 1B

I personally can't think of any. The only order in which half-life is independent of initial molar concentration is a first-order reaction, so if you notice the initial molar concentration is not given, it's most almost certainly a first-order reaction. That narrows your options a bit, I think! The ...

AngelinaYuleiGao 1B

See the attached image from the textbook! I'm a little confused as to why it drops slower. If the reaction rate for a second-order reaction is more heavily dependent on the initial concentration than a first-order reaction, wouldn't it decrease faster?

AngelinaYuleiGao 1B

Do you mean finding the units for k r ? If so, just remember when multiplying your units together for everything on the right side of Rate = k[A] a (where a is the reaction order for [A]) the final unit has to be mols/(liters x seconds) since the unit for reaction rate (on the le...

AngelinaYuleiGao 1B

Hi! To determine the overall reaction order, you have to add the reaction order for each reactant together. For example, a to find the reaction order of A + B -> C, First, find how the initial reaction rate changes if we change the concentration of ONLY reactant A (for example, the new concentration...

AngelinaYuleiGao 1B

Focus 4I talks about the Clausius Inequality, but I'm still a bit confused about it. Why does ΔS ≥ q / T? I know that q irrev is less than q rev since -- ΔU for a system is a path independent state function, the same for a reversible and irreversible process -- more work is done by a reversible proc...

AngelinaYuleiGao 1B

This actually stumped me on the Achieve homework! I got two positive values and was convinced I did something wrong. I looked at my work for like... forty minutes, but couldn't find anything wrong with it. Instead of telling yourself one is supposed to be negative and one is supposed to be positive ...

AngelinaYuleiGao 1B

Assuming aA + bB ⇌ cC dD has an equilibrium constant of K 1 , the equilibrium constant for n(aA + bB ⇌ cC dD) K 2 =K 1 n . Why is this the case? If the ratio of the reactants all remain the same, and we just have more of each, wouldn't the equilibrium constant, which measures the ratio between produ...

AngelinaYuleiGao 1B

A better explanation I remembered is that the HF bond is much stronger than, say HCl bond, as an additional shell of electrons increases the radius of an atom, and longer bonds are weaker than shorter bonds. Since the HF bond is stronger, it's more difficult to break, so less H+ ions will be produce...

AngelinaYuleiGao 1B

The strength of an acid is decided by how readily the compound donates H+ ions to form hydronium. Fluorines covalently bonded to hydrogen relinquish a lot of stability by disassociating. As we go down the halogen group, the strength of the acids actually increase, as the resulting anions are more an...

AngelinaYuleiGao 1B

Bronsted Lowry is just another definition for acids and bases! Any Bronsted acid or base is a corresponding Lewis acid or base, respectfully. The definitions differ in that Bronsted acids donate H+ ions and Bronsted bases accept them, while Lewis acids accept lone pair electrons and Lewis bases dona...

AngelinaYuleiGao 1B

Formal charge is a characteristic of an atom, so to find the formal charge of a compound, you take the sum of the formal charge of all of the atoms in a compound. The formula for formal charge is FC=V-N-B/2, where V is the number of valence electrons, N is the number of electrons in lone pairs, and ...

AngelinaYuleiGao 1B

What are nodes? And what is the difference between an angular node and a radial node? I thought a node was the point in between two lobes where there is 0 probability of finding an electron, so why are they called angular and radial?

AngelinaYuleiGao 1B

While we fill electrons in the order of 4s -> 3d, we remove s group electrons before the d group. Chromium is an irregular case where neutral chromium is more stable with a half filled s orbital and five half filled d orbitals, [Ar]4s13d5, so Cr+ removes the s group electron to make [Ar]3d5.

AngelinaYuleiGao 1B

I recall that small, highly charged metal cations can act like Lewis acids and accept electrons, but these cations do not include group one cations. Mg2+ and Ca2+ will make a solution slightly acidic, but Dr. Lavelle told us to ignore this and operate under the assumption that group 1 and group 2 wi...

AngelinaYuleiGao 1B

I think it's because the two amines are too far apart, and thus cannot be in the same coordination sphere. Two cations might bind with this compound, so it's still polydentate, but it can't chelate since that requires sharing of two lone pairs on the same cation.

AngelinaYuleiGao 1B

It's easier to think of it in terms of electrons, rather than cations and anions. A cation has less electrons than the neutral atom, while an anion has more electrons than the neutral atom. In terms of the character of a bond, remember that ionic bonds can have covalent character, and covalent bonds...

AngelinaYuleiGao 1B

Electron affinity is the amount of energy released when an electron is added to an atom to form a negative ion. It does increase in magnitude as we move right across a row, but decreases as we move down a column.

AngelinaYuleiGao 1B

How I understand it is this; when the iodine only has one oxygen binding to it, there are still a lot of electrons on the iodine's valence shell that are unbinding, and thus close to the iodine. The electrons on the oxygen will thus be repelled by all iodine's nonbinding electrons, and move closer t...

AngelinaYuleiGao 1B

Orbitals are only able to bind if they have one electron within it, as it interacts with another orbital that also only has one electron to create a new orbital with two electrons in it. Thus, orbitals that already have two electrons in them are nonbonding electrons. They occur naturally through the...

AngelinaYuleiGao 1B

My guess is that in order for the polydentate ligand to not chelate, it doesn't bind with the central cation multiple times even though it is able to; it simply binds once, then binds to a different cation. That way, the ligand does not chelate, as it doesn't form a ring, but is still polydentate. I...

AngelinaYuleiGao 1B

You are correct! Carbon has three sp2 hybridized orbitals. There is an empty p orbital perpendicular to the trigonal plane formed by the oxygen and hydrogens.

AngelinaYuleiGao 1B

Polyprotic compounds, or compounds with multiple hydrogens, are often amphoteric. If they have one hydrogen, but is able to bind with two, they can act as an acid by losing the one hydrogen they have, or as a base, by accepting another hydrogen. Whether or not it acts as one or the other depends on ...

AngelinaYuleiGao 1B

Hi, this website has a good explanation of London Dispersion Forces https://www.chem.purdue.edu/gchelp/liquids/disperse.html The London dispersion force is the weakest intermolecular force. The London dispersion force is a temporary attractive force that results when the electrons in two adjacent at...

AngelinaYuleiGao 1B

I like to remember the trend by likening bonds to rubber bands! If you don't twist the rubber band at all, the two things you're connecting are very loosely held together, and far apart. If you twist it once and wrap the rubber band around the two objects again, the two things are held more tightly ...

AngelinaYuleiGao 1B

Furthermore, we went over examples of certain coordination compounds in class and their biological significance such as cis (and trans) diamine-dichloro-platinum and how it can bind to DNA to stop cells from replicating their DNA for mitosis. Another example of an important biological coordination ...

AngelinaYuleiGao 1B

I don't think that it necessarily means the same thing as neutral. I think that it means the compound can act as an acid or a base, donating or receiving a proton. Being able to both donate and accept protons is to be amphiprotic; amphoteric means to be able to behave as either an acid or a base. I...

AngelinaYuleiGao 1B

Look at the information given to you; an sp 3 hybridized orbital will have less s nature than an sp 2 hybridized orbital, right? Since sp 3 hybridizes 3 p orbitals, while sp 2 only hybridizes 2. Thus, if the bond angles of sp 3 (with a low s nature) is 109.5, and the angles of sp 2 (with more s natu...

AngelinaYuleiGao 1B

Since ammines are neutral, we can ignore them in our charge calculation. Let's look at the first coordination compound; it has two chlorine. The second coordination compound has six chlorine. Assuming the platinums are the same charge, and the overall charge of the two coordination compounds interac...

AngelinaYuleiGao 1B

-ido and -o are interchangeable; -ido is the IUPAC convention, while -o is the one we usually use in class. I believe you will not be asked about -ido in the final, and can use -o instead, but I'm not 100% certain!

AngelinaYuleiGao 1B

I'm fairly certain Dr. Lavelle will not test us on naming conventions he did not go over in class, so I believe you are safe to ignore the IUPAC names, but it never hurts to familiarize yourself with the international naming conventions!

AngelinaYuleiGao 1B

The ammines are indeed neutral, but note the three chloride anions bound to it! That indicates the coordination compound has a net charge of +3, so binding with the chlorides makes the overall compound neutral.

AngelinaYuleiGao 1B

You need more than the formula to calculate pH; usually, the concentration of the acid or base is enough for us to calculate the pH of the solution. Remember that pH is not a characteristic of any particular acid the way, say, ionization energies are for an atom. They're simply the -log 10 of the co...

AngelinaYuleiGao 1B

Why is H₃O⁺ seemingly always aqueous? Is it possible to isolate it from solution and ionically bind it with an anion?

AngelinaYuleiGao 1B

You might have heard the prefix amphi- from amphipathic molecules, molecules that have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions. Amphiprotic means it can either donate or accept a proton, thus acting as an acid when it donates a proton, and a base when it accepts a proton.

AngelinaYuleiGao 1B

When Sr(OH)₂ disassociates in water, two OH^- ions are produced, while Li(OH) only produces one hydroxide ion. Since the strength of a base is dependent on how much hydroxide is produced, Sr(OH)₂ is a stronger base than LiOH.

AngelinaYuleiGao 1B

I'm pretty sure this topic will be on the final with how much it was covered in lecture and in homework problems, but I don't know if we will be given the naming guide that is on the chemistry website. If anyone could tell me whether we'll be able to use the naming guide during the exam or if we wi...

AngelinaYuleiGao 1B

Vapor pressure is a measure of a compound's tendency to escape from a liquid or solid. If the intermolecular forces between molecules are very strong, it is difficult for a molecule to escape the liquid as they cling to each other tightly, and thus there will be a low vapor pressure. Molecules with ...

AngelinaYuleiGao 1B

This is a good rule of thumb, but remember to look at each compound individually as there are exceptions to this rule. For example, HF has an electronegativity difference of 1.8, but is still considered a covalent bond! In between 1.5 and 2.0, typically the rule of thumb is if there is a metal invol...

AngelinaYuleiGao 1B

It's nomenclature! -ite endings typically have one less oxygen than -ate endings. In high school, we were just told to memorize the names of common polyatomic ions and kind of left it at that, so I'm not 100% certain how universal this rule is, but if you look at the names, Nitrate is NO 3 - , Nitri...

AngelinaYuleiGao 1B

So polar molecules arise from polar covalent bonds! I'm not sure if Dr. Lavelle said this in class, but I learned in high school that a good general rule of thumb is if the difference in electronegativities is less than 0.4, it can be considered nonpolar covalent, and if it's greater than 0.4 but le...

AngelinaYuleiGao 1B

Here's my understanding! Chlorine, Bromine, and Iodine does not have enough electronegativity to leave the hydrogen positively charged enough for it to bond with water. In the case of HF, fluorine is so electronegative that it makes itself very (partially) negative and makes hydrogen very (partially...

AngelinaYuleiGao 1B

For me, I usually think of dipole-dipole interactions occur between molecules with enough of an electronegativity difference for there to be a polar covalent bond, but does not include NOF; (Nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine). So a dipole-dipole bond is an intermolecular force; that in this interaction doe...

AngelinaYuleiGao 1B

Here's a quick briefer on oxidation numbers to help you with the homework problem! Essentially, oxidation numbers tells us the charge each atom in a compound would have if it was composed solely of ions. It's a way to identify partial charge in covalent compounds! So, oxygen almost always has an oxi...

AngelinaYuleiGao 1B

If the equation isn't on the constants and equations sheet we used in midterm 1, you would probably want to memorize it if you want to use it on midterms. Given how often Dr. Lavelle calculated formal charge in lecture, I feel like we'd be expected to know how to do that as well.

AngelinaYuleiGao 1B

We've learned how to draw molecules in class, so I won't talk about that in this response, but in ionic compounds, you simply add or subtract the dots that represent electrons. For example, in neutral chlorine has 7 dots around it, correct? To indicate Cl - , an additional electron is added to the l...

AngelinaYuleiGao 1B

As electrons move around an atom, sometimes they just so happen to end up in the same region of the atom, causing a temporary dipole where they are clustered. This temporary negative charge can cause electrons in the atom next to it to move as far away from this negative charge as possible, causing ...

AngelinaYuleiGao 1B

Look at the difference in their electronegativity; hydrogen is 2.1, chlorine is 3.0. 3.0-2.1= 0.9, which is less than 1.5, making it a covalent bond.

AngelinaYuleiGao 1B

Yes! Whether or not an atom bonds ionically or covalently depends on what atom it's bonding with. For example, HCl has a polar covalent bond; (hydrogen has an electronegativity of 2.1, chlorine has an electronegativity of 3.0, thus the difference in their electronegativity is less than 1.5, thus it ...

AngelinaYuleiGao 1B

In lecture, Dr. Lavelle told us the Rydberg's constant used in the empirical equation for hydrogen was 3.29 x 10 15 hz. In discussion, our TA gave us a different Rydberg's constant for the Rydberg equation; 2.178 x 10 -18 J. What's the relationship between these two constants? Why do they have the s...

AngelinaYuleiGao 1B

205323697 wrote:what doe it actually mean to have a nodal plane?

It indicates that there is no probability of finding an electron on that plane.

AngelinaYuleiGao 1B

The second quantum number, l, is called the angular momentum of an electron. Is this actually a mathematically significant value, as in, the actual angular momentum of the electron, or is it just a signifier to indicate which electron is which?

AngelinaYuleiGao 1B

Since all the lobes seem to approach the nucleus, and the s-orbitals surrounds the nucleus, wouldn't there be areas of the s-orbital with lots of other orbitals overlapping it? Is there any significance to these area of increased electron density as a result of overlapping orbitals?

AngelinaYuleiGao 1B

Since there are nodal planes in between the lobes; an area of 0 electron density, does that mean electrons cannot move from lobe to lobe, since moving between lobes will result in a possibility of finding an electron there?

AngelinaYuleiGao 1B

In the example problem Dr. Lavelle used in class, he used the nucleus's diameter as Δx. Why are we using a single dimensional value (diameter) to refer to the three dimensional volume of the nucleus? Since we know the electron is inside the nucleus as per the problem, shouldn't we calculate the volu...

AngelinaYuleiGao 1B

We discussed in lecture how the wavelength of light absorbed in the process of exciting an electron is equal to the wavelength of light emitted when it returns to its original energy level, which means none of that energy was used up in the duration of time an electron was excited. However, we also ...

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