CHEMISTRY COMMUNITY

Neha Jonnalagadda 2D

We will only have to know IUPAC names I think!

Neha Jonnalagadda 2D

I think that we have to do the lowest first number and then make sure that you have the most substituents.

Neha Jonnalagadda 2D

Tert means that there are three other carbons attached.

Neha Jonnalagadda 2D

The dashes are used to separate the numbers from the names.

Neha Jonnalagadda 2D

The order of the substituents, then alphabetically and numerical order.

Neha Jonnalagadda 2D

the nerst equation says that the pH can be affected by cell potential.

Neha Jonnalagadda 2D

E naught is 0 in a concentration cell.

Neha Jonnalagadda 2D

Q is equal to the products over the reactants, meaning that Q would equal 0.824/0.019.

Neha Jonnalagadda 2D

The 0.05916 is for the log equation, and the 0.025693 is for the ln equation.

Neha Jonnalagadda 2D

The nernst equation is E=Eº-(RT/nF) lnQ or E=Eº-(0.0592/n) logQ. It is a chemical thermodynamical relationship that permits the calculation of the reduction potential of a reaction.

Neha Jonnalagadda 2D

The order of the reactants are not dependent if there is an order of zero.

Neha Jonnalagadda 2D

Also if there is a catalyst, there is a chance that the order of the reaction will be zero!

Neha Jonnalagadda 2D

Any reaction involving a catalyst would be a good example of a reaction with an order of 0!

Neha Jonnalagadda 2D

In a situation where the concentration of the reactants does not matter, the order of the reaction would be zero.

Neha Jonnalagadda 2D

You can find the total order by adding the orders of the reactants.

Neha Jonnalagadda 2D

E naught would be zero when the equation is at equilibrium.

Neha Jonnalagadda 2D

You would basically have to identify the anode.

Neha Jonnalagadda 2D

n is the transfer of electrons in the process.

Neha Jonnalagadda 2D

The unique rate is the same for all coefficients so you wouldnt balance the equation first.

Neha Jonnalagadda 2D

N is the number of electrons transferred, but it cannot be determined until the reaction is balanced.

Neha Jonnalagadda 2D

This log equation can only be used at a certain temperature, and that temperature is 25 degrees Celsius.

Neha Jonnalagadda 2D

Yes, you should apply the coefficients as the power.

Neha Jonnalagadda 2D

Some of the equations necessary are Enaught, the nerst equation, and calculating cell potential.

Neha Jonnalagadda 2D

You cannot use that value when the reaction isn't under standard conditions.

Neha Jonnalagadda 2D

In this equation, the N stands for the number of electrons that are transferred during the balanced redox reaction.

Neha Jonnalagadda 2D

The slope can be determined if it is linear, it will be -k.

Neha Jonnalagadda 2D

I think it because the exponent is 1.

Neha Jonnalagadda 2D

The order of the reaction is the sum of the reactants.

Neha Jonnalagadda 2D

It depends on the problems. you can use ln[A]=-kt+ln[A] in specific instances, such as finding A or k.

Neha Jonnalagadda 2D

It depends on the substance, half life can be seconds or years.

Neha Jonnalagadda 2D

Larger and more complex molecular have more disorder.

Neha Jonnalagadda 2D

Phase changes occur at equilibrium?

Neha Jonnalagadda 2D

Cv is when volume is constant and Cp is when pressure is constant.

Neha Jonnalagadda 2D

The gibbs free energy equation works.

Neha Jonnalagadda 2D

This is true when S delta of the universe = 0.

Neha Jonnalagadda 2D

The problem usually states if its in basic or acidic solution.

Neha Jonnalagadda 2D

To determine the moles of e you have to fully change the coefficients and balance the reaction.

Neha Jonnalagadda 2D

Based on if its acidic or basic you use OH- or H+

Neha Jonnalagadda 2D

Normally oxidation numbers are not provided and you can usually figure the oxidation number out from the periodic table in most cases.

Neha Jonnalagadda 2D

A reducing agent is an element or compound that loses or "donates" an electron to an electron recipient in a redox chemical reaction. Oxidizing agent is a substance that has the ability to oxidize other substances — in other words to accept their electrons.

Neha Jonnalagadda 2D

Yes but make sure to check the ratios.

Neha Jonnalagadda 2D

Kp represents the equilibrium constant calculated from the partial pressures of a reaction equation.

Neha Jonnalagadda 2D

Adding a catalyst would not affect K, it would just shift the equation.

Neha Jonnalagadda 2D

The reaction quotient Q is a measure of the relative amounts of products and reactants present in a reaction at a given time. The K constant represents chemical equilibrium and is the state in which the reactants and products have no net change over time.

Neha Jonnalagadda 2D

In this case, it means that the numerator is larger than it is supposed to be.

Neha Jonnalagadda 2D

K does not have a unit because the units in the product and reactant units cancel out.

Neha Jonnalagadda 2D

The conjugate base for HSO4 is SO4 because conjugate bases remove a H.

Neha Jonnalagadda 2D

There are some compounds that just need to be memorized in terms of common acids and bases. Otherwise you should look for signs that impact how the compound will dissociate. If the compound dissociated easily in an aqueous state, then it is normally a strong acid or base and if it doesn't then it is...

Neha Jonnalagadda 2D

Generally, you add a H for conjugate acids and decrease one H for conjugate bases.

Neha Jonnalagadda 2D

The conjugate base is basically the compound minus one H, meaning that it donates a proton.

Neha Jonnalagadda 2D

The conjugate base should have one less H and the conjugate acid should have one more H in the chemical formula of the compound.

Neha Jonnalagadda 2D

This explanation is really helpful! Thanks for the clarification.

Neha Jonnalagadda 2D

Ag+ is an acid because it accepts electrons.

Neha Jonnalagadda 2D

They basically mean the same thing, H3O is just H+ bonded to a water molecule.

Neha Jonnalagadda 2D

Strong bases and acids are fully "ionized" because they fully dissociate, while weak bases and acids are partially "ionized" because they do not fully dissociate into ions.

Neha Jonnalagadda 2D

The strength of an acid is related to how likely it is to dissociate when is it aqueous. This means that compounds that dissociate easier are stronger acids.

Neha Jonnalagadda 2D

Lewis acids and bases deal with electrons while bronsted acids and bases deal with protons.

Neha Jonnalagadda 2D

I think that in this case, you should look at the other atom that the oxygen is attached to besides H. Because Cl is extremely electronegative, this means that there is a higher electron density near that side of the compound and the electron density is more spread, making the bond between the H and...

Neha Jonnalagadda 2D

As the number of oxygens decreases, the bond between the H and the Br increases in strength. This means that the compound is less likely to dissociate and therefore is a weaker acid.

Neha Jonnalagadda 2D

Delocalized charges mean that the charge is shares across multiple bonds, for example if there are resonance structures in which two of the same elemental bonds have different bond lengths, then there is delocalized charge.

Neha Jonnalagadda 2D

HCl is a stronger acid than HF because the bond strength of H-F is greater meaning that it is less likely to dissociate, making it a weaker acid.

Neha Jonnalagadda 2D

Typically, lewis should be used for coordination compounds and bronsted should be used for acid base chemistry.

Neha Jonnalagadda 2D

Yes, as the bond strength decreases, the strength of the acid increases. This is because if an acid dissociates more, then it is considered stronger. If the bond strength is low, then a compound is more likely to dissociate.

Neha Jonnalagadda 2D

Protonated means the addition of an proton and the formation of a coordinate bond to form a conjugate acid.

Neha Jonnalagadda 2D

The ones covered in class are ones that you should for sure memorize, otherwise I would find a list of AP or IB chemistry compounds that are acids and bases and try to also remember those.

Neha Jonnalagadda 2D

Ka is the acid dissociation constant which is used to help tell the difference between strong and weak acids. Ka values are typically higher for stronger acids and this means that the acid will dissociate more.

Neha Jonnalagadda 2D

To find the oxidation state, look at the charges on the other atoms attached in the molecule.

Neha Jonnalagadda 2D

Cisplatin is a drug that inhibits essential proteins and processes, causing apoptosis because it has a structure that allows it to do so. The Cl on each side are able to bind to the guanine in DNA.

Neha Jonnalagadda 2D

Hydrogen bonding sites are determined by the number of lone pairs on the N, O, or F atoms. Each lone pair is a potential bonding site.

Neha Jonnalagadda 2D

Cisplatin is a molecule that binds to the reactive center of atoms and can damage the DNA inside of the atom, which causes cell division to stop and causes the cell to die.

Neha Jonnalagadda 2D

The biological function does not really have anything to do with the order of transition metals on the periodic table. It is more dependent on electron configuration and number of protons in the nucleus.

Neha Jonnalagadda 2D

A common example of a square planar molecule is XeF4. XeF4 can help find and analyze trace metals that contaminate rubber.

Neha Jonnalagadda 2D

These transition metals are important because they play a role in the active site of a lot of proteins in the cells in organisms. They are essential to many cellular processes to occur.

Neha Jonnalagadda 2D

I think that hemoglobin carries the oxygen around the bloodstream while myoglobin will store oxygen in the muscle tissue.

Neha Jonnalagadda 2D

The oxidation state of a metal can be found by looking at the molecular formula and the charges on the non metal. Using those charges that you know, you can find what the metal's positive charge is.

Neha Jonnalagadda 2D

Myoglobin is protein that stores oxygen in muscle cells in the tissue. The heme complex is a metal complex that can bind or release oxygen. It is part of the protein rather than the protein itself.

Neha Jonnalagadda 2D

Hemoglobin is a transport protein that moves oxygen in the blood stream and is heterotetramic as well. Myoglobin is a monomeric protein found in muscle tissue and stores oxygen. Mainly, hemoglobin is an oxygen transporter and myoglobin is an oxygen acceptor.

Neha Jonnalagadda 2D

The number of moles, or the coefficients in the chemical equations, must be whole numbers. I don't think fractions are acceptable and you should try to make sure you are using integers.

Neha Jonnalagadda 2D

We are provided a periodic table on midterms and finals and most exams I think. Either way, the periodic table is also usually projected on the board and includes atomic number and weight.

Neha Jonnalagadda 2D

Usually, in a chemical reaction, the states of the molecules are the ground states, which means that water would usually be liquid in that case.

Neha Jonnalagadda 2D

You could find net moles of a gas by looking at reactant moles minus the product moles.

Neha Jonnalagadda 2D

Usually, I start with the element there is the most of, meaning going from biggest to smallest amount of an element. For example, if the reactants were C6H12O6 + H2O, I would try to balance the H first and the C last.

Neha Jonnalagadda 2D

The (aq) in a chemical reaction just denotes a species being in an aqueous phase, meaning that it is dissolved in water and the solvent is water.

Neha Jonnalagadda 2D

Most of the time, the states of the products are the states at standard room temperature and vary based on the bonding and the elements used in the molecules. These states can be searched up, but most of the time if they are not provided usually you don't have to include them in the equation.

Neha Jonnalagadda 2D

There is no equation that is impossible to balance, oftentimes there will be multiple steps that have to be taken to achieve a certain product but all equations are able to be balanced.

Neha Jonnalagadda 2D

If bond order is 0, the bond does not exist or is not stable enough to exist.

Neha Jonnalagadda 2D

Pi bonds are generally weaker covalent bonds than sigma bonds just because pi bonds have a smaller overlap between the orbital. However, combined, there is a larger overlap between the orbitals and that makes pi and sigma bonds combined stronger.

Neha Jonnalagadda 2D

Subshells are made up of orbitals. In each orbital, a total of two electrons can reside. For example, in the 2p sub shell, there are 3 orbitals.

Neha Jonnalagadda 2D

In general, the px, py, and pz values are -1, 0, and 1 respectively.

Neha Jonnalagadda 2D

These quantum numbers represent different aspects of a certain electron in an atom. N is the main quantum number that represents the electron shell number that the electron resides in. The l quantum number is the angular momentum quantum number and describes the shape of the specific orbital in the ...

Neha Jonnalagadda 2D

One big exception in electronegativity is the noble gas group. Because the outermost shell is completely full, its electronegativity is 0. In addition, the lanthanides and actinides are also exceptions to the rule.

Neha Jonnalagadda 2D

A good way to remember it is that Cl is one of the most electronegative elements on the periodic table and also it is much farther right on the table than Be. Therefore, it is way more electronegative.

Neha Jonnalagadda 2D

So electronegativity trends general represented as the following: decreases down a row and increases across a period. It decreases down a row because the subsequent outer shells get farther and farther away from each other as the atomic number increases. Electronegativity increases across a period b...

Neha Jonnalagadda 2D

In general, minimum difference in polarity must be about 0.5. This is because anything below this number is not as significant in making the electron distribution greater on one side than another.

Neha Jonnalagadda 2D

Polarity of a molecule can be determined by looking at the individual atoms' electronegativities. The higher the electronegativity, the more polar negative that part of the atom is. A diagram can be drawn showing the molecules overall polarity based on the location of the most and least electronegat...

Neha Jonnalagadda 2D

Ionization energy is the amount of energy needed for an atom to remove an electron from its outermost shell. In general ionization energy increases as the number of electrons removed increases.

Neha Jonnalagadda 2D

Hydrogen is not a central atom because it cannot make more than one bond with another atom. This is because it has a maximum of 2 electrons on its outer shell.

Neha Jonnalagadda 2D

Generally, you should use the lowest number of significant figures that were used in your calculations. The actual number of sig figs depends on the problem though and should be a case by case scenario, especially with the Achieve homework.

Neha Jonnalagadda 2D

There are four significant figures in this number because if there are values after a decimal point, the number is for sure exactly 100.0 and not rounded to 100.

Neha Jonnalagadda 2D

I would use 1.008 just because its better to be more specific, but at the end of the day it shouldn't affect your final answer too much if you use either. 3-5 significant figures is usually a good zone to be in for a final answer as well.

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