Search found 53 matches
- Sat Mar 12, 2016 12:14 pm
- Forum: Galvanic/Voltaic Cells, Calculating Standard Cell Potentials, Cell Diagrams
- Topic: winter 2012 midterm question on electro
- Replies: 1
- Views: 318
Re: winter 2012 midterm question on electro
In this problem, we didn't get to decide. The equation was already given, so we just matched the oxidation / reduction reactions based on the overall reaction given.
- Fri Mar 11, 2016 11:31 am
- Forum: Phase Changes & Related Calculations
- Topic: Final exam question
- Replies: 1
- Views: 273
Re: Final exam question
The problem tells you there's 50.0 mL of water, and 1mL = 1g => 50.0mL water = 50.0g water
- Fri Mar 11, 2016 1:06 am
- Forum: *Alkanes
- Topic: Alphabetical Order
- Replies: 1
- Views: 303
Re: Alphabetical Order
We consider tert and sec to be prefixes, while iso and neo to be part of the name (no "-"). I think it's just something we have to memorize. Just remember iso and neo are the only ones that are taken into account for ABC order.
- Fri Mar 11, 2016 1:04 am
- Forum: *Alcohols
- Topic: More than one functional group
- Replies: 3
- Views: 604
Re: More than one functional group
Hey Joseph! We have to know how to name a molecule with a functional group, double/triple bond, and a substituent. To answer your question, my TA said we won't be asked to name more than one functional group, unless you count double/triple bonds as another functional group.
- Thu Mar 10, 2016 12:55 pm
- Forum: Third Law of Thermodynamics (For a Unique Ground State (W=1): S -> 0 as T -> 0) and Calculations Using Boltzmann Equation for Entropy
- Topic: 2011 Final Question 1C
- Replies: 1
- Views: 313
Re: 2011 Final Question 1C
Because NO has 2 orientations: ON or NO, and oscillation between these two possible configurations contribute to higher residual entropy. BF3, on the other hand, has only 1 possible configuration. No matter how you rotate the trigonal planar, you'll get exactly the same configuration.
- Thu Mar 10, 2016 1:41 am
- Forum: *Cyclohexanes (Chair, Boat, Geometric Isomers)
- Topic: cis and trans cyclohexanes
- Replies: 1
- Views: 278
Re: cis and trans cyclohexanes
A Cyclohexane is cis when e,a or a,e as in one is axial one is equatorial, with both facing the same direction, while trans is a,a or e,e, with both facing the opposite direction.
- Wed Mar 09, 2016 10:51 pm
- Forum: Third Law of Thermodynamics (For a Unique Ground State (W=1): S -> 0 as T -> 0) and Calculations Using Boltzmann Equation for Entropy
- Topic: Residual Entropy: NO vs. BF3
- Replies: 2
- Views: 465
Re: Residual Entropy: NO vs. BF3
NO because it has two possible configurations (ON or NO), while BF3 has only one possible, indistinguishable configuration (BF3 is the same no matter how you rotate it).
- Wed Mar 09, 2016 10:18 pm
- Forum: *Constitutional and Geometric Isomers (cis, Z and trans, E)
- Topic: Cis and Trans for cycloalkanes
- Replies: 1
- Views: 355
Re: Cis and Trans for cycloalkanes
Correct. Cis will always be a,e or e,a meaning 1 axial 1 equatorial, with both facing the same direction, while trans will always be a,a or e,e with each facing opposite directions.
- Wed Mar 09, 2016 1:10 pm
- Forum: *Alkynes
- Topic: Triple Bonds and Function Groups
- Replies: 2
- Views: 795
Re: Triple Bonds and Function Groups
I think so, unless they are halogens.
- Tue Mar 08, 2016 5:56 pm
- Forum: *Alkanes
- Topic: Alphabetical order for multiples
- Replies: 2
- Views: 477
Re: Alphabetical order for multiples
E in ethyl is before the M in methyl because the prefix isn't factored into alpha order. When there are multiple methyl's in a compound, you list the numbers of carbons to which they are attached and then say di/tri/tetra/methyl.
(Ex: 1,3,5 - trimethylalkane)
(Ex: 1,3,5 - trimethylalkane)
- Sat Mar 05, 2016 5:48 pm
- Forum: Entropy Changes Due to Changes in Volume and Temperature
- Topic: Problem 9.13
- Replies: 1
- Views: 424
Re: Problem 9.13
This was a mistake made by the textbook, confirmed by Chem_Mod. You are supposed to use C :)
- Sun Feb 28, 2016 9:58 am
- Forum: Administrative Questions and Class Announcements
- Topic: Quiz 2 Winter 2016
- Replies: 18
- Views: 7272
Re: Quiz 2 Winter 2016
For the quiz, #3) consider the reaction of nitrogen dioxide and fluorine gases (1) NO2 +F2 --> NO2F + F (2) NO2 + F --> NO2F How do you know which would be unimolecular, bimolecular, or termolecular? Is it determined by the reactions needed to make the products? I believe both reactions would be bi...
- Fri Feb 26, 2016 12:38 pm
- Forum: Galvanic/Voltaic Cells, Calculating Standard Cell Potentials, Cell Diagrams
- Topic: Standard Cell Potential Significant Figures on Midterm
- Replies: 3
- Views: 601
Re: Standard Cell Potential Significant Figures on Midterm
Because .80V and .40V is the same as 0.80V and 0.40V, which is 3 significant figures Actually, I don't think you should consider the sig figs like this. 0.80V and 0.40V are still 2 sig figs. Rather, you should treat the sig figs like how I mentioned in the previous comment. Rules for sig figs are d...
- Sat Feb 20, 2016 3:38 pm
- Forum: Galvanic/Voltaic Cells, Calculating Standard Cell Potentials, Cell Diagrams
- Topic: Standard Cell Potential Significant Figures on Midterm
- Replies: 3
- Views: 601
Re: Standard Cell Potential Significant Figures on Midterm
Because for addition the rules for sig figs are different. You round with respect to the number whose digits place ends furthest to the left. For example, .80 and .40 are both to the hundredths place, so the answer upon addition will be rounded to the hundredths place. Therefore, the answer is 1.20 ...
- Wed Feb 17, 2016 5:45 pm
- Forum: Gibbs Free Energy Concepts and Calculations
- Topic: K = Kf/Kr
- Replies: 1
- Views: 59911
Re: K = Kf/Kr
At equilibrium, forward rate = reverse rate:
k[A][B] = k'[C][D] .
You can rearrange this to become:
[C][D] / [A][B] = k/k' .
We know that:
K = [C][D] / [A][B] .
Therefore:
K = k/k' , or kforward / kreverse
k[A][B] = k'[C][D] .
You can rearrange this to become:
[C][D] / [A][B] = k/k' .
We know that:
K = [C][D] / [A][B] .
Therefore:
K = k/k' , or kforward / kreverse
- Fri Feb 12, 2016 5:07 pm
- Forum: Administrative Questions and Class Announcements
- Topic: Quiz 2 Winter 2016
- Replies: 18
- Views: 7272
Re: Quiz 2 Winter 2016
So Quiz 2 covers the textbook only up to Ch15.10, but are we still responsible for the sections after 15.10 (for the final)? The Course Reader just says Read: Ch 15 (Omit 15.9), so I don't know if that means we should still read past Ch15.10 and just not worry about it for the upcoming quiz?
- Tue Feb 09, 2016 9:05 pm
- Forum: Work, Gibbs Free Energy, Cell (Redox) Potentials
- Topic: E of a Redox [ENDORSED]
- Replies: 5
- Views: 676
Re: E of a Redox [ENDORSED]
It's because entropy and enthalpy are EXtensive properties. The more wood you burn, the more heat it will give off (enthalpy). The more of something you have, the more disordered it can be (entropy). On the other hand, E is an INtensive property. By definition, it doesn't matter how much of somethin...
- Tue Feb 09, 2016 12:02 pm
- Forum: Appications of the Nernst Equation (e.g., Concentration Cells, Non-Standard Cell Potentials, Calculating Equilibrium Constants and pH)
- Topic: Nernst Equation- Units for Q
- Replies: 2
- Views: 698
Re: Nernst Equation- Units for Q
I don't know why, but it is okay to have both partial pressure and molar concentrations in the same calculation for Q in this kind of problem. So no, you don't have to convert them, as long as pressure is given in bar (approx. 1 atm), and concentration is given in M (mol/L).
- Mon Feb 08, 2016 5:24 pm
- Forum: General Science Questions
- Topic: Units
- Replies: 1
- Views: 405
Re: Units
Would this help?:
http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Units/units.html
If you scroll down you'll see stuff like Joules, heat capacity, entropy,etc.
http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Units/units.html
If you scroll down you'll see stuff like Joules, heat capacity, entropy,etc.
- Mon Feb 08, 2016 5:18 pm
- Forum: Thermodynamic Definitions (isochoric/isometric, isothermal, isobaric)
- Topic: Adiabatic
- Replies: 2
- Views: 375
Re: Adiabatic
Yup, by definition.
- Mon Feb 08, 2016 11:42 am
- Forum: Entropy Changes Due to Changes in Volume and Temperature
- Topic: Entropy [HBr vs HF]
- Replies: 1
- Views: 827
Re: Entropy [HBr vs HF]
To my understanding, it's because Br is heavier (79.904g) than F (18.998g). Heavier molecules tend to have more entropy.
- Sun Feb 07, 2016 11:00 pm
- Forum: Gibbs Free Energy Concepts and Calculations
- Topic: Using G=-nFE
- Replies: 1
- Views: 717
Re: Using G=-nFE
n=2 refers to the # moles of electrons transferred. You have: half rxn 1: 2e+F2 --> 2F- half rxn 2: 1e+Rb+-->Rb For the balanced full reaction, you have to multiple 'half rxn 2' by 2 and flip it so that the electrons cancel out. You'll see that the # moles of electrons that cancel out on both sides ...
- Sun Feb 07, 2016 1:24 pm
- Forum: Galvanic/Voltaic Cells, Calculating Standard Cell Potentials, Cell Diagrams
- Topic: 14.15b
- Replies: 2
- Views: 398
Re: 14.15b
Why is H20(l) omitted in the cell diagram, on both the anode and cathode side?
- Fri Feb 05, 2016 6:53 pm
- Forum: Entropy Changes Due to Changes in Volume and Temperature
- Topic: Question about entropy change formula with change in T
- Replies: 1
- Views: 323
Re: Question about entropy change formula with change in T
It's a mistake by the textbook. It is supposed to be deltaS=nCln(T2/T1).
Professor Lavelle gave us this link of all textbook mistakes:
https://lavelle.chem.ucla.edu/wp-content/supporting-files/Chem14B/Solution_Manual_Errors_6Ed.pdf
Professor Lavelle gave us this link of all textbook mistakes:
https://lavelle.chem.ucla.edu/wp-content/supporting-files/Chem14B/Solution_Manual_Errors_6Ed.pdf
- Fri Feb 05, 2016 10:59 am
- Forum: Heat Capacities, Calorimeters & Calorimetry Calculations
- Topic: Negative values regarding work
- Replies: 1
- Views: 304
Re: Negative values regarding work
The negative means it is exerting/losing that amount of energy as work. Therefore, when determining which system does more work, you can compare their absolute values. -172 J means it is losing 172 Joules as work. -101 J means it is losing 101 Joules as work. The first system is doing more work beca...
- Fri Jan 29, 2016 12:34 pm
- Forum: Reaction Enthalpies (e.g., Using Hess’s Law, Bond Enthalpies, Standard Enthalpies of Formation)
- Topic: Signs
- Replies: 1
- Views: 235
Re: Signs
Enthalpy + for endothermic rxn - for exothermic rxn 0 for no heat transfer Entropy + for increasing disorder (Increase in temp/volume) - for decreasing disorder (condensation/freezing) 0 for ∆S(tot) for isothermal reversible expansion and for ∆S(surr) for isothermal irreversible expansion Heat (q) ...
- Tue Jan 26, 2016 7:58 pm
- Forum: Entropy Changes Due to Changes in Volume and Temperature
- Topic: 9.19 Homework Question
- Replies: 1
- Views: 302
Re: 9.19 Homework Question
To my understanding, you use 5/2R or 7/2R only when you are dealing with gas molecules. In this case, you are dealing with liquid water.
- Tue Jan 26, 2016 12:03 am
- Forum: Gibbs Free Energy Concepts and Calculations
- Topic: Two Possible Answers for 9.57?
- Replies: 1
- Views: 177
Two Possible Answers for 9.57?
For 9.57, the solutions manual shows two possible solutions for ∆G of a reaction. One value is calculated via ∆G = ∆G(products) - ∆G(reactants). This value is -713.02 kJ/mol The manual then offers an alternative value of ∆G calculated using the relationship: ∆G = ∆H - T∆S. This value is -753.01 kJ/m...
- Mon Jan 25, 2016 9:07 pm
- Forum: Gibbs Free Energy Concepts and Calculations
- Topic: Conceptual Question on 9.53
- Replies: 1
- Views: 569
Conceptual Question on 9.53
"Calculate the change in molar Gibbs free energy for the process NH3 (l) --> NH3 (g) at 1 atm and (a) -15.0 degrees celsius." To solve for ∆G, it seems like we just plug values in for ∆H, T, and ∆S from Tables in given in the textbook. My Question: Earlier in the textbook, we learned how t...
- Sat Jan 23, 2016 9:19 pm
- Forum: Concepts & Calculations Using Second Law of Thermodynamics
- Topic: 9.27(e)
- Replies: 1
- Views: 262
Re: 9.27(e)
In this question, you want to know which case has greater volume. In this question, greater volume = higher molar entropy because more volume allows the gas particles more space to act "disorderly" and with higher entropy. 1.0 mol Ar(g) at 1.00 atm has a higher molar entropy than at 2.00 a...
- Sat Jan 23, 2016 6:49 pm
- Forum: Entropy Changes Due to Changes in Volume and Temperature
- Topic: ∆S(sys) vs ∆S(surr) isotherm., irrev. free expansion
- Replies: 1
- Views: 235
∆S(sys) vs ∆S(surr) isotherm., irrev. free expansion
For an isothermal irreversible free expansion: ∆S(surr) = 0 because w = 0, so q = 0, so q(surr)/T = 0. But ∆S(sys) ≠ 0. I understand w = 0 for free expansion, but then why isn't ∆S(sys) = qrev/T = 0 as well? Because isn't the system doing 0 work in expanding "freely?" In other words, why i...
- Sat Jan 23, 2016 11:59 am
- Forum: Entropy Changes Due to Changes in Volume and Temperature
- Topic: Problem 9.13
- Replies: 5
- Views: 834
Re: Problem 9.13
My first thought was to use C x ln(T2/T1) as well, so I'm also confused. For the example problem on page 325, the textbook tells us to use C x ln(T2/T1), so maybe some other people or Chem_Mod can tell us which equation they think we are supposed to use.
- Fri Jan 22, 2016 4:40 pm
- Forum: Concepts & Calculations Using First Law of Thermodynamics
- Topic: Enthalpy
- Replies: 1
- Views: 204
Re: Enthalpy
I think the enthalpy value for a gas to a liquid is just the negative of the enthalpy value for a liquid to a gas.
- Thu Jan 21, 2016 8:06 pm
- Forum: Calculating Standard Reaction Entropies (e.g. , Using Standard Molar Entropies)
- Topic: Confirming Equilibrium?
- Replies: 1
- Views: 304
Confirming Equilibrium?
On page 347 of the textbook, Self-Test 9.18A asks us to "Confirm that liquid water and water vapor are in equilibrium when the temperature is 100. degrees Celsius and the pressure is 1 atm. Data are available in Tables 8.3 (Standard Enthalpies of Physical Change) and 9.2 (Standard Molar Entropy...
- Tue Jan 19, 2016 11:30 am
- Forum: Reaction Enthalpies (e.g., Using Hess’s Law, Bond Enthalpies, Standard Enthalpies of Formation)
- Topic: Homework 8.55
- Replies: 1
- Views: 388
Re: Homework 8.55
I think there may have been an error in the question, which is why Professor Lavelle told us to omit this question.
- Mon Jan 18, 2016 7:30 pm
- Forum: Reaction Enthalpies (e.g., Using Hess’s Law, Bond Enthalpies, Standard Enthalpies of Formation)
- Topic: Question 8.117
- Replies: 1
- Views: 270
Re: Question 8.117
The question asks for the production of 1.00 mol H2. The equation given produces 3 mol H2, so you have to divide the equation by 3 to get just 1.00 mol H2. Two mol reactants becomes 2/3, and 4 mol products becomes 4/3. 4/3 - 2/3 = 2/3, and that's why ∆n = 2/3 :)
- Sun Jan 17, 2016 9:07 pm
- Forum: Phase Changes & Related Calculations
- Topic: Molar Heat Capacity
- Replies: 3
- Views: 487
Re: Molar Heat Capacity
Typically, larger/more complex molecules have higher molar heat capacities because they have more bonds. Bond vibrations absorb added energy (without increasing temperature), so the more bonds (larger/more complex molecule) the more bond vibrations to prevent change in temperature.
- Sun Jan 17, 2016 8:11 pm
- Forum: Calculating Work of Expansion
- Topic: Specific heat capacity and molar heat capacity
- Replies: 3
- Views: 2019
Re: Specific heat capacity and molar heat capacity
Specific heat capacity refers to the amount of energy (Joules) it takes to raise 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree Celsius/Kelvin. Molar heat capacity refers to the amount of energy (Joules) it takes it to raise 1 mole of a substance by 1 degree Celsius/Kelvin. The question will prompt you to use on...
- Sun Jan 17, 2016 6:34 pm
- Forum: Phase Changes & Related Calculations
- Topic: Selecting the Correct Heating Curve
- Replies: 3
- Views: 574
Re: Selecting the Correct Heating Curve
You can arrive at (c) as the answer using process of elimination. (D) is incorrect because there are no horizontal lines to show ∆Hfus and ∆Hvap. (A) is incorrect because it indicates that ∆Hfus is greater than ∆Hvap, which is not true because the problem gives us the values of both ∆Hfus (10 kJ/mol...
- Sun Jan 17, 2016 5:41 pm
- Forum: Calculating Work of Expansion
- Topic: Calculating work equation
- Replies: 2
- Views: 416
Re: Calculating work equation
To my understanding, we add the negative because we are calculating the work done BY a system. Without the negative, we'd solve for 'x' joules, or kilojoules. However, when work is done BY a system (system expands), energy is exhausted (leaves the system). To illustrate that, we add the negative to ...
- Sun Jan 17, 2016 2:49 pm
- Forum: Concepts & Calculations Using First Law of Thermodynamics
- Topic: Homework 8.23
- Replies: 1
- Views: 263
Re: Homework 8.23
To find the heat capacity of the calorimeter, you do not need to know the mass. The equation is qcal = Ccal∆T, and in this problem you are solving for Ccal. The only values you need to solve for this are the heat supplied to the calorimeter (qcal) and the change in temperature (∆T), both of which ar...
- Sun Jan 17, 2016 1:18 pm
- Forum: Reaction Enthalpies (e.g., Using Hess’s Law, Bond Enthalpies, Standard Enthalpies of Formation)
- Topic: HW 8.93 phase of H2O as the product of combustion reaction?
- Replies: 2
- Views: 469
Re: HW 8.93 phase of H2O as the product of combustion reacti
I also had trouble with this problem. In accordance to what Chem_Mod advises, I assumed H2O was produced in its gas state. However, the solutions manual states H2O is produced in its liquid state, so the enthalpy of formation values used by the textbook and me are different. For this question, how a...
- Sun Jan 17, 2016 12:37 pm
- Forum: Reaction Enthalpies (e.g., Using Hess’s Law, Bond Enthalpies, Standard Enthalpies of Formation)
- Topic: Table 8.3 Confusion (Textbook page 284)
- Replies: 2
- Views: 453
Re: Table 8.3 Confusion (Textbook page 284)
That makes sense, but I'm still confused about the second value. Is the second value saying water has a second ∆Hvap at 25 degrees Celsius? I would think there's only one (@ 100 degrees Celsius).
- Sun Jan 17, 2016 12:39 am
- Forum: Reaction Enthalpies (e.g., Using Hess’s Law, Bond Enthalpies, Standard Enthalpies of Formation)
- Topic: Table 8.3 Confusion (Textbook page 284)
- Replies: 2
- Views: 453
Table 8.3 Confusion (Textbook page 284)
Table 8.3 on page 284 of the textbook states that the ∆Hvap of water is 40.7 (kj/mol). However, right under that value, in parenthesis, it says "(44.0 at 25 degrees Celsius)." I don't understand the meaning of this second value. Can someone please explain?
- Sat Jan 16, 2016 6:23 pm
- Forum: Reaction Enthalpies (e.g., Using Hess’s Law, Bond Enthalpies, Standard Enthalpies of Formation)
- Topic: The Universe
- Replies: 2
- Views: 494
Re: The Universe
The energy of the universe is constant because we look at the universe as an isolated system (given that the universe consists of its own system and surroundings). By definition, neither energy nor matter enters/leaves an isolated system because it "has no contact with its surroundings;" t...
- Sat Jan 16, 2016 5:01 pm
- Forum: Concepts & Calculations Using First Law of Thermodynamics
- Topic: Question 8.19 units and equation
- Replies: 6
- Views: 1508
Re: Question 8.19 units and equation
SubparChemist wrote:Could just be an error in the solution's manual, I was wondering the same thing Brian. The sig figs in the manual seem sorta wonky at time.
Okay, Thanks !
- Sat Jan 16, 2016 3:29 pm
- Forum: Concepts & Calculations Using First Law of Thermodynamics
- Topic: Question 8.19 units and equation
- Replies: 6
- Views: 1508
Re: Question 8.19 units and equation
I got 1.5 x 10^2 kJ for part (a) of this problem. The solution manual & textbook get 1.4 x 10^2 kJ, but it rounds twice, for q(water) and q(Cu). As a result, it gets 1.45, which is rightfully rounded to 1.4 for 2 sig figs. However, I got 1.5 x 10^2 kJ because I rounded (apply sig figs) only once...
- Thu Jan 14, 2016 8:08 pm
- Forum: Phase Changes & Related Calculations
- Topic: Energy to Form Liquid From Gas
- Replies: 1
- Views: 221
Re: Energy to Form Liquid From Gas
Yes, the enthalpy of condensation is the negative value of the enthalpy of vaporization, because ∆H of reverse process = -∆H of forward process.
- Wed Jan 13, 2016 11:49 pm
- Forum: Thermodynamic Definitions (isochoric/isometric, isothermal, isobaric)
- Topic: Molar Heat Capacity
- Replies: 6
- Views: 1536
Re: Molar Heat Capacity
NO2 has a higher molar heat capacity because it is a larger/more complex molecule. NO2 has more bonds and thus more bond vibrations to absorb added energy without increasing in temperature.
- Mon Jan 11, 2016 11:35 pm
- Forum: Reaction Enthalpies (e.g., Using Hess’s Law, Bond Enthalpies, Standard Enthalpies of Formation)
- Topic: Standard Reaction Enthalpy (Course Reader)
- Replies: 3
- Views: 365
Re: Standard Reaction Enthalpy (Course Reader)
The quotations are just there to repeat, "Standard state for a...," which is stated right above the quotations ("Standard state for a gas:"). If you filled in the blanks, it would be: "Standard state for a" Sol'n, "Standard state for a" pure liquid or solid,&q...
- Mon Jan 11, 2016 11:30 pm
- Forum: Phase Changes & Related Calculations
- Topic: Exothermic reaction
- Replies: 3
- Views: 373
Re: Exothermic reaction
To my understanding, the temperature of the SURROUNDING increases in an enthalpy problem, for an exothermic reaction. Heat is being RELEASED by the system (-∆H). I think the increase from initial to final temperature refers to the temperature of the SURROUNDING, because that's what would absorb the ...
- Fri Jan 08, 2016 8:35 pm
- Forum: Reaction Enthalpies (e.g., Using Hess’s Law, Bond Enthalpies, Standard Enthalpies of Formation)
- Topic: Using Bond Enthalpies to Calculate ΔH(rxn)
- Replies: 1
- Views: 231
Re: Using Bond Enthalpies to Calculate ΔH(rxn)
Drawing the Lewis structures would definitely help you visualize the bonds being formed and broken. Of course you don't HAVE to draw the Lewis structures, but you would just have to be very very familiar with the reactants and products and mentally keep track of all the bonds being formed and broken...
- Fri Jan 08, 2016 8:19 pm
- Forum: Reaction Enthalpies (e.g., Using Hess’s Law, Bond Enthalpies, Standard Enthalpies of Formation)
- Topic: Standard Enthalpy of Formation
- Replies: 3
- Views: 709
Re: Standard Enthalpy of Formation
To my understanding, the standard enthalpy of formation for O2 and other elements in their most stable forms are zero because they are naturally occurring. In other words, it does not require any effort to form O2 if O2 already exists naturally; therefore, there is no change in heat for such a react...