CHEMISTRY COMMUNITY

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Can someone please demonstrate how you would draw out this graph?

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Can someone please explain part c to me? How would you get 2-bromo?

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If Delta G is negative the fuel cell would be feasible and thus, the cell potential would have to be positive. Since the products would have a lower energy than the reactants which is favorable.

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If asked to draw the conformation of a cyclohexane and it has more than two substituents do we still use cis/trans to name it? Also do we only use cis and trans for cyclohexane or all types of cyclos?

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What is Connie's nickname?

SiliCon

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Heat capacity increases as molecular complexity increases. When there are more atoms in a molecule there are further bond vibrations available. These vibrations are able to absorb energy. Also ethane has a single bond, but ethene has a double bond that makes it more restricting and cannot absorb add...

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Why is delta G negative for exergonic reactions?

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When demonstrating the mechanisms and using arrows to show the flow of electrons should we include an addition sign, such as HBr + the double bonded carbon chain or just not include one?

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Made by Orly Termeie. Enjoy!

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Should we draw the transition state diagrams for both the SN2 and Electrophilic addition mechanisms?

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I am still confused as to what vinyl means. Can someone please explain what it means?

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Hey! Something is usually a nucleophile if it has a negative charge or a full octet of electrons. Something is usually an electrophile if it has a positive charge and not a full octet. Thus it would want to gain electrons.

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When writing reactions from now on should compounds like OH- be written as -OH to demonstrate which element is negatively charged?

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How can I identify a ambident nucleophile? In the homework chapter 4 question 5 the options were NH2CH3, CH3O-, SCN-, and -CH3 why was the answer SCN-?

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Why does entropy decrease when bonds are formed?

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Is the rate constant the same thing as the slope of a reaction?

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How can we tell if a reaction is a zero order, first order, or second order one when plotting a graph?

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Is Ecell a state function? And is it intensive of extensive?

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If there are 2 moles of a molecule and 4 orientations would you do S=kln4^2(6.02x10^23)? Thanks!

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In the W=F x D what does D stand for and how does it correlate with a graph or real life example?

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What's the difference between deriving the w=-Pdv equation through force and Area rather than through w=-integral(pdv)?

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If Delta G is negative does that mean work will be done? Also does this correlation between work and Delta G occur only in standard conditions?

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Internal energy is directly affected by temperature. If a system has a temperature change that automatically means delta U which is internal energy will change. Since temperature indicates random motion of particles which alters the Energy. So if temperature decreases so does internal energy. Also u...

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Why for Electrolysis questions do we make the lower concentration of an ion the product?

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Why isn't water included in cell diagrams?

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Conceptually and mathematically why does Eo= 0 when the components in galvanic cells are the same?

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When determining the charge for an ion such as 2Cr^3+ would you say Cr has a +3 or +6 charge? Or for 3HgO2^-3 would Oxygen have a charge of -4 or -12? And Hg +1 or +9? Is this how you determine whether something is reduced? By looking at the overall charge or just the oxidation number?

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Why is it that when a cathode is larger than an anode products are favored because k>1?

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What other electrodes other than platinum could be used as an electrode when there is no solid metal present?

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Will there always be double lines between the anode and cathode sections of a cell diagram?

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If you have a molecule such as PO4 ^3- how many arrangements does it have for residual entropy?

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When determining whether entropy has decreased or increased or whether it is positive/negative we consider the relation between the number of moles on the products and reactants sides. However should we only consider the moles of gases or also liquid, aqueous, and solid ones as well?

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If there has been an increase in disorder will the change in Entropy be positive? And thus the reaction would be spontaneous?

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Material from chapter 8 and 9 will be on the quiz. the practice quizzes in the workbook are a helpful guide as well.

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If Entropy is positive does it mean a process or change will be spontaneous?

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If a reaction is reversible does that automatically mean the change in temperature will be zero, and thus delta U will be zero?

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Gases have the highest entropy and they also have the least amount of intermolecular forces present. This makes sense because if something has a high entropy it means energy and matter are dispersed disorderly. Gass molecules are spread out and are not rigid like in solids. Thus, the lower the inter...

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q=-w when the change in internal energy (delta U) equals zero. This occurs when there is no temperature change. Since the equation for internal energy is q+w= Delta U when delta U equals zero it would be q+w=0 and then you subtract the w to the other side and then you get q=-w.

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For some questions in the homework we had to find the limiting reagent first in order to solve the question such as in 8.99. For which types of questions should we determine the limiting reagent for?

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When a reaction is under constant pressure and you need to calculate work would you use the w=-p(vfinal- vinitial) formula?

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For Hess's law questions how would we determine the number of sig figs? Would it depend on the decimal point placement?

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At constant pressure why does q equal Enthalpy? Thanks!

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The best way to determine how many bonds a compound will form would be to draw out the lewis structures, like how Professor Lavelle did in class and in the course reader.

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Hello! What is the difference between enthalpy and the standard enthalpy of formation? Thank you!

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I asked a TA today and she said we will not have to memorize the enthalpy values and that they will be provided to us.

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Dissolution means breaking apart or disintegration. Furthermore, a reaction is endothermic when bonds are broken using energy. Thus, ammonium nitrate dissolution would be endothermic.

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Hello! Why is the Ka1 value of H2So4 smaller than the Ka2 value?

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Why are salts not included when writing out a reaction? Also, on homework number 13.1 the question stated that HCl was added to a benzoic acid, but in the solutions manual HCl was not included in the reaction equation. Why is that?

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The lower the pkb the stronger the base correct? Also if this is true, why?

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Hello! In the course reader towards the end of chapter 12 material there is a section that lists strong acids/ bases and another page detailing how you can't tell whether a base is strong or not. Hope this helps!

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Why are acids that contain Carbon usually weak? Thanks!

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Are there other acids and bases that are not in the course reader that we should still know of?

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When given a chemical formula how can you tell whether the acid given is a lewis acid or bronsted base?

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When k>1 the reaction has a tendency to form products correct? Thanks!

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When the overall charge of the complex is negative or positive you would add the word ion at the end of the complex's name. You add -ate to the end of a transition metal's name when the charge of the complex (component in brackets) is negative.

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Hello! When does the addition of water to a reaction at equilibrium affect concentration? Also, when computing the K value when are aqueous molecules included?

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Since the reaction is already occurring in H2O, and is considered a liquid, it will not affect the reaction.

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Once you figure out the coordination number for a compound, for example four, how would you know whether the shape would be a tetrahedral or square planar?

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Since H2O is a liquid, you would not consider its moles when determining the effect the compression would have. Thus, the number of moles on the products and reactants side would be almost identical. So there would not really be an effect. Hope this helped!

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Hey! If the ligand is a polydentate, then you would use the bis, tris, etc prefixes. Hope this helps!

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Hello! When given the name for a coordinate compound and asked to write the formula, does the order in which you write the ligands matter? Thanks!

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When I went to the Undergraduate advisers and TA office hours, they told me the best way is to memorize the type of ligand (mono,bi,tri) for all the ligands in the course reader. Hope this helps!

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Hello! How can someone identify a chelating complex given the lewis structure of the compound or the name of the compound?

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Do Seesaw and trigonal bypyramidal shapes have a 180 degree angle?

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But since it's F2- wouldn't one F be more electronegative?

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When doing the Molecular orbital diagram for molecules such as F2-, one F will be lower in energy than another, correct? Thanks!

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Hello! Is XeF2Cl2 considered polar or nonpolar, and why? Also, why do square planar molecules have an exact bond angle of 90 degrees instead of less than 90 degrees? Thanks!

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The VSEPR formula for IF5 is AX5E, because there are six regions of electron density, but one corresponds to a lone pair, which is why the name is square pyramidal. Look at page 109 in the textbook, it has a picture there. Hope this helps!

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Helllo! In regards to lewis structures, can we place the bonded elements symmetrically around the central atom or is that only when drawing the structure in molecular (3D) form? Also, does the order we place atoms around a central atom matter... for instance for ClNO2 do the Oxygens have to be oppos...

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Electronegativity decreases as you go down a group. Thus, Sulfur is less electronegative than Oxygen, and so it would have an electronegative charge more similar with Carbon's.

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This is an ionic compound so the individual elements will not share electrons, so we do not create bonds for these elements. Instead, electrons are just transferred from one element to another. On page 65 in the workbook there is an example of this. Hope this helped!

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In the Sulfate ion, if asked what orbitals the double bonded oxygen is using, would the answer be three 2sp2 orbitals and three 2p orbitals and the hybridized orbitals it is using is just three 2sp2 orbitals? For the sulfur would the orbitals be four 3sp3 orbitals and two 3d orbitals and the hybridi...

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I believe Nitrogen would be the central atom because it has a lower ionization energy than Oxygen's ionization energy. Hope this helps!

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Hello! How would you draw the correct molecular shape of trigonal pyramidal, square planar, and square pyramidal? Thank you!

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Lone pairs have strong repelling powers, so they would push the other bonds away from itself which would reduce the other bond angles. Lone pairs are used to write the AXE notation, and thus are useful in determining the shape of a molecule. Hope this helped!

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Is Bromine an exception to the octet rule? Can Bromine have an expanded octet? Thanks!

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Hello! When asked to complete an electron configuration, would we use the short hand method in which we use a Noble gas then the rest of the configuration, or should we list the full configuration? Thanks!

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Hello! The number of valence electrons a element has is determined by the number of electrons in shells that are not full, correct? For instance Nickel has 10 valence electrons while Gallium has 3 correct? Also, how would you determine the valence electron configuration for these elements?
Thanks!

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Hello! When only given discrete values for n in an Rydberg question, such as 3 or 4, how many significant figures should be used? Thank you

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The configuration of chromium plus one is [Neon] 3d5..... so, the Ml numbers could be -2,-1,0,1,2. Since the final electron is in the fifth d orbital depending on whether the electron started inhabiting from -2 or 2 the numbers for Ml would be either -2 or 2. You would start from -2 then -1 then 0 t...

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Hello! Why does electron affinity decrease when going down a group?

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Nitrogen and Oxygen are diatomic molecules so when you use them in equations separately they are N2 and O2. The following list includes the diatomic molecules:
Hydrogen (H2)
Nitrogen (N2)
Oxygen (O2)
Fluorine (F2)
Chlorine (Cl2)
Iodine (I2)
Bromine (Br2)

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I believe the answers would be...
c. 6f and 7 orbitals
d. 2p and 3 orbitals

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In class we went over both ways to co write the configurations: the long way and short way (with noble gases). So just to be safe, I would know how to write the electron configurations both ways. :)

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Hello! On quizzes and exams will it be permitted to use the Rydberg equation-- frequency=R(1/nfinal^2 - 1/ninitial^2)? Thank you!

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I think we round to the nearest even number to keep all data consistent Thus, we do not always round up and instead round numbers depending on which even number is the closest. This keeps things balanced. In addition, even numbers are easier to divide so in later steps if we are required to divide b...

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I believe we will be given the conversion factors on exams and quizzes; however, we should memorize the actual equations (DeBroglie, Heisenberg, etc).

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Judging by the practice quizzes in the workbook, most of the questions require formulas and equations. However, understanding the reasoning for using formulas and learning about the processes will help.

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The homework assignments can be found in the first few pages of the course reader and in the syllabus. In addition, the homework responses are due as we continue through a chapter. Homework questions are not collected, but it is highly recommended that you do the problems for practice. I recommend t...

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Hello! I just had a clarifying question: so you use the E=pv equation when you are finding the momentum or energy of anything other than light, correct? And you use the E=pc equation to calculate the energy or momentum of light? Thanks!

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Hi! In regards to naming compounds, the review in the course reader section is really helpful! Two main types of compounds are molecular and ionic, and each have their own rules for naming. For acids there are different formulas as well. In some practice problems in the textbook the formulas were gi...

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Hello! Why is it that in the Balmer series n1=2, but in the Lyman series n1=1? What accounts for this difference? Thank You! :)

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Do we have to read the entire chapter assigned for homework on top of the problems? I started reading Chapter 1 but it seems to cover a lot more information than I think we will cover in class. Do we have to read all 54 pages or just do the practice problems? I started the practice problems and rea...

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