Temporary vs Permanent Dipole Moments

[Mahnoor_Wani_1I]

What is the difference between temporary and permanent dipole moments? How are they both formed?

[Ria Nawathe 1C]

An example of a molecule with a permanent dipole is H2O; the difference in electronegativity between the O and Hs causes the electrons to be pulled towards O, creating a permanent delta negative and delta positive side. Temporary dipoles occur when molecules that are otherwise non-polar, like N2, collide with other molecules in a way that shifts their electron densities and fleetingly causes a delta negative and delta positive side. The electron densities aren't permanently distorted, they return to their normal, non-polar state.

[Samuel Flores 1E]

Hello! So a permanent dipole comes in the the form of a polar covalent bond, where the two involved atoms unequally share their electrons (different electronegativities.
On the other hand, a temporary dipole arises from the fluctuation of electron density in a covalent bond. If at one point the electron density is fluctuating toward one atom, then this forms a temporary dipole that can change with electron distribution.

Hope this helps!