Useful Summary of Thermodynamic Definitions

[Chem_Mod]

In class today I forgot to mention this list I created to assist students.

Adiabatic (also called adiabatically isolated system)
An adiabatically isolated system has only adiabatic boundary sectors. Energy can be transferred as work, but transfers of matter and of energy as heat are prohibited. q = 0

Isothermal
An isothermal process is a change in a system where the temperature stays constant: ΔT = 0.

Isobaric
An isobaric process is a change in a system where the pressure stays constant: ΔP = 0.

Isochoric
An isochoric process is a change in a system where the volume stays constant: ΔV = 0.

Intensive property
An intensive property is a bulk property, meaning that it is a physical property of a system that does not depend on the system size or the amount of material in the system.

Note: The ratio of two extensive properties of the same object or system is an intensive property. For example, the ratio of an object's mass and volume, which are two extensive properties, is density, which is an intensive property.

State Function
A state function describes a physical property of the system and is independent of how the system arrived at its present condition.

[Stevie Wisz]

Thank you!! :)

[jennymai96]

So for adiabatic system, the energy as heat is different from the energy as work? Thanks!

[Evelin Escobedo]

This is going to be helpful when trying to keep track of the different vocab this quarter. Thanks!
Is this the main list for thermodynamics, or would it be recommended to extend the list on out own ?

[Melissa Kulon 2D]

Thank you! Just to clarify, are the only terms that are NOT state functions, work and heat?

[chrispolo15]

can someone elaborate on state functions? i'm still kind of confused. are they dependent or dependent?

[VivianYang2A]

can someone elaborate on state functions? i'm still kind of confused. are they dependent or dependent?

State functions are dependent on the state of the moment (temp/press/vol), but are independent of system "history"; I think it's more important to note that they are additive, like what we do with Hess's Law in enthalpy.

[Rhiannon Imbeah 2I]

Thank you for posting this!

[204635822]

can someone elaborate on state functions? i'm still kind of confused. are they dependent or dependent?

For a state property, you only need to know initial and final values. The pathway is not important.

[Brianna]

So for adiabatic system, the energy as heat is different from the energy as work? Thanks!

energy as heat is always separate from energy as work. For Adiabatic systems, since there is no heat transfer, q=0 and Delta U = w

[carissa1F]

can someone elaborate more on the adiabetic system and its conditions?

[Karina Saucedo 2I]

Adiabatic as also defined in the textbook is, "not permitting or accompanied by the passage of energy as heat." This can be be categorized into two different processes, reversible and irreversible. Reversible is quasi-static where as the irreversible process is spontaneous since there is a big change in the external restriction. For reversible, quasi-static, it starts were gas pressure equals external pressure then there is a change externally where there is a slight decrease in the outside pressure. Therefore the gas expands just a bit before reaching equilibrium which occurs in a fast pace. This process is repeated until the desired pressure is reached. On the other hand if the outside pressure greatly decreased rapidly than the gas would expand until it reached equilibrium this process however will do so in a different manner than the reversible process.

[Rachel Lipman]

This is great! Thank you for sharing these key terms in such a simple and concise way! These terms are essential to memorize for future quizzes and tests.

[Sochima1J]

I agree! This is really helpful.

[Crystal Ma]

Thank you!!

[Katelyn 2E]

will we be discussing these different types of systems each in detail or should we just know the general conceptual idea behind them such as is provided here? thank you!

[Michelle Steinberg2J]

Would someone be able to briefly explain the difference between isobaric, isochoric, and isothermal? I have these definitions written down and I've read through the textbook, but I feel as though I've memorized the differences and don't fully grasp the concept. Thanks!

[Kailey Brodeur 1J]

These 3 situations each have a different factor that remains the same. Isobaric refers to a system in which pressure remains constant, isochloric refers to a system in which volume remains constant, and isothermal refers to a system in which temperature remains constant. This means other factors are changing in order to change the entropy of a system. This is important because we use different equations in order to calculate entropy change based upon what the system's constants and variables are.

[Rishi Khettry 1L]

To clarify, intensive properties are ratios. For example, density would be an intensive property because it is mass/volume. Where mass and volume are both extensive properties.

[Angela 1K]

Would someone be able to briefly explain the difference between isobaric, isochoric, and isothermal? I have these definitions written down and I've read through the textbook, but I feel as though I've memorized the differences and don't fully grasp the concept. Thanks!

As Dr. Lavelle explained in his post,
Isobaric : constant pressure
Isochoric: constant volume
Isothermal: constant temperature

[Brian Kwak 1D]

Just asking for clarification but for an Adiabatic isolated system as dr.lavelle stated that there can be exchange or more specificly loss of internal energy as work correct? So compared to an isolated system where there is no exchange of matter or energy because there is no surroundings therefore meaning that the internal energy is constant and doesn’t change for a Adiabatic isolated system the internal energy can DECREASE due to work correct? So between the two essentially the only difference would be that an Adiabatic system can lose internal energy as work because work is not within the limits of the Adiabatic boundaries correct? Verses the isolated system where there is absolutely no exchange of energy or matter because the system is “isolated” surroundings therefore meaning that there is no change at all in internal energy.

[Nikki Bych 1I]

I am having trouble distinguishing the difference between a state function and an intensive property, they seem very similar to me.

[Abby-Hile-1F]

will we need to identify processes as isobaric, isochoric, or isothermal?

[Matthew Casillas 1C]

will we need to identify processes as isobaric, isochoric, or isothermal?

I don't believe so, I think they tell us in the question so we use specific equations.

[Yiyang Jen Wang 4G]

Thank you for the definitions! So helpful!

[Angela Wu-2H]

Why does it matter if something is a state function or not? How does it affect the problem/question? I'm very confused.

[Nathan Rothschild_2D]

Will we have to know these terms for the test?

[nicole-2B]

Will we have to know these terms for the test?

I believe so because they can be used to describe something. For example yesterday during Lyndon workshop one of these words was used to describe the system and it was needed to solve the problem.

[Emil Velasco 1H]

Thank you!

I think we will need to know these terms for the test in order to interpret problems

[kausalya_1k]

Would someone be able to briefly explain the difference between isobaric, isochoric, and isothermal? I have these definitions written down and I've read through the textbook, but I feel as though I've memorized the differences and don't fully grasp the concept. Thanks!

The way I personally remember it:
isobaric: deltaP=0 (constant pressure)
isochoric: deltaV=0 (constant volume)
isothermal: deltaT=0 (constant temperature)

[Abigail_Hagen2G]

This is insanely helpful, thank you!

[Caroline Beecher 2H]

Thank you, this is such a helpful summary! I didn't realize that when you divide two extensive properties it ends up being an intensive, but now that makes sense.

[Celena Kim 2I]

Why does it matter if something is a state function or not? How does it affect the problem/question? I'm very confused.

It matters because if you know it is a state function, you know that only the initial and final state matters. Since the path doesn't matter, you can subtract, add, multiply, and divide state functions.

In a path function, how you get the answer matters and you have to take each step in the path into consideration.

[Celena Kim 2I]

Thank you for creating this summary!

[BritneyP- 2c]

This was really helpful! Thanks a ton

[Serena Song 1A]

Thank you so much! I was having a hard time memorizing all of them, this really helps!

[Tanner Bartyczak 1K]

Thank you!

[Linette Choi 3L]

Thank you! Just to clarify, are the only terms that are NOT state functions, work and heat?

Yup! Terms such as entropy, pressure, enthalpy, or color are state functions as they only depend on the current state they are in.

[Joshua Chung 2D]

Thank you so much!

[Xinyu Li 1C]

Thank you so much!

[RyanKopeikin_2I]

This is a very helpful summary, thank you for putting this together!

[Tiao Tan 3C]

Thank you for the summary! It's very useful.

[Jeremy Wei 2C]

Thanks for the summary!

[DPatel_2L]

Thank you!

[joshtully]

Thank you for the help!

[Jacob Schwarz-Discussion 3I]

This is super helpful!!! For adiabatic systems, doesn't delta q=0?

[Diana Aguilar 3H]

This was super helpful, thank you so much for the summary!

[Mrinalini Mishra 2L]

Thank you!

[Jess Liu 3I]

Can someone please elaborate on “ The ratio of two extensive properties of the same object or system is an intensive property”? Is this statement true under any condition? Is there any other examples.

[Abigail S 2C]

I have heard that adiabatic and isothermal processes are opposites of each other? Can anyone confirm if this is true and if so, why?

[205743052]

this is so helpful

[106024424]

Thank you so much! just to clarify, state functions can be calculated like (final - initial), and is this connected to the integral ratio ( or in problems where you have to calculate ln(v2/v1) and equations like that?

[Yuliana Urrutia 1H]

Finding this after the midterm really is an L for me, but glad to have these definitions for future references.

[Tiffany Ngan 1K]

It mentioned that an adiabatically isolated system has only adiabatic boundary sectors and energy can be transferred as work, but transfers of matter and of energy as heat are prohibited. Does that mean isolated systems can still have work done it or do work? There the change in internal energy of isolated systems would be = w.

[Carleigh Greenway 1D]

Yes, this means adiabatic systems can do work and have work done to it and because the definition of adiabatic is that no heat is gained or lost than the change in internal energy would be equal to the work of the system. The internal energy change is also equal to the specific heat at constant volume times the change in temperature.

[Evan Sang 1K]

This is very helpful, thank you for doing this!